History of the Internet and Inventor Tim Berners-Lee

Before there was the public internet there was the internets forerunner ARPAnet or Advanced Research Projects Agency Networks. ARPAnet was funded by the United States military after the cold war with the aim of having a military command and control center that could withstand a nuclear attack. The point was to distribute information between geographically dispersed computers. ARPAnet created the TCP/IP communications standard, which defines data transfer on the internet today. The ARPAnet opened in 1969 and was quickly usurped by civilian computer nerds who had now found a way to share the few great computers that existed at that time. Father of the Internet Tim Berners-Lee Tim Berners-Lee was the man leading the development of the World Wide Web (with help of course), the defining of HTML (hypertext markup language) used to create web pages, HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), and URLs (Universal Resource Locators). All of those developments took place between 1989 and 1991. Tim Berners-Lee was born in London, England and graduated in Physics from Oxford University in 1976. He is currently the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium, the group that sets technical standards for the web. Besides Tim Berners-Lee, Vinton Cerf is also named as an internet daddy. Ten years out of high school, Vinton Cerf began co-designing and co-developing the protocols and structure of what became the internet. History of HTML Vannevar Bush first proposed the basics of hypertext in 1945. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, HTML (hypertext markup language), HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) and URLs (Universal Resource Locators) in 1990. Tim Berners-Lee was the primary author of html, assisted by his colleagues at CERN, an international scientific organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. Origin of Email Computer engineer, Ray Tomlinson invented internet-based email in late 1971.

The Review of the Study of Philosophy - 1437 Words

The review of The Study of Philosophy 1. Introduction â€Å"All men are ‘philosophers’, by defining the limits and characteristics of the ‘spontaneous philosophy’ which is proper to everyone.† Gramsci said. This kind of philosophy consists of language itself, common sense, and last one is popular religion. (A.Gramsci, 1929-1935 the study of philosophy) It means everyone could be a philosopher in some aspect of our life. For example, people could think about an issue in different ways because of the differences of origin of language, habit, and social environment they are living. It’s no longer possible to define a philosopher as an intelligent or professional person who is working at some particular categories of subjects nowadays. People†¦show more content†¦The obedience is not the only option that you have. You have to figure out what you really need and want, and not just follow the way people have already done before. Therefore, the ability of analysis and criticism is an important factor of building one’s conception of the world. In addition, if people receive all information without considering whether the information is useful or not, you might get a wrong data. For example, Joseph Reagle claims that the information in Wikipedia is lack of the accuracy for readers. (Joseph Reagle, a wikipesia reader) Wikipedia is a platform which is opened free for people to put information on. People are free to edit any data in the wikipedia. There is no clear sign in the webside for you to recognize which information is true, and which one is not. Therefore, the ability of analysis and criticism is very important to pick up information which you look for. Secondly, people cannot understand the philosophy without seeing history and culture of philosophy. Gramsci claimed that if one cannot criticize and make a coherent of an issue from a historical perspective, then the person is failed to be a philosopher. However, In the meantime, he also thinks that one’s conception of the world only reflects the current situation or a particular issue. He doubted that how one’s perspectives of the world can consists of history and reality. (A.Gramsci 1929-1935)Show MoreRelatedLiterature Review on Tesco and Impact of Recession1682 Words   |  7 PagesReview on ‘A study to analyse whether recession has left its impact on TESCO – UK Mogal Shabana Parveen Edgehill University Date: The literature review that is being discussed includes the philosophies and the strategies adopted and the data collection methods used in order to carry out the research that is based on TESCO and whether it has an impact of recession or not. When required research into Tesco’s annual financial figures, customer’s, manager’s stems from a wideRead MoreRelationship Between Employees And Business1189 Words   |  5 Pageschallenging and time-consuming undertaking (Saunders and Lewis, 2012). 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This paper outlines decision-making approach for the case study listed below and speaks to the importance of choosing the right approach. Case Study This case study consist of the CEO of Devise Products Unlimited (DPU) wants to implement a new philosophy within the organization, which is the fish philosophy. He has recently asked his management staff to review the book and rollout to their division; however, Thomas did not provide any direction on how this

Steinberg Analysis Free Essays

string(79) " is so embedded in our mind that we are not flexible to changes and new ideas\." The Accordion Family: Boomerang Kids, Anxious Parents, and the private toll of Global Competition (83-92) The model family is only a myth, nothing more. There is no such thing as a perfect family where there is no problem, no disputes and fights. As I read through â€Å"The Accordion Family’, I actually feel as if the model family can only break family down and cause more disappointment in reality. We will write a custom essay sample on Steinberg Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the accordion family, the kids come back to live, usually temporarily, with their parents because of financial problems or they are trying to pursue an interest that requires he help of their family. Well then, society might view the kid who is trying to pursue his own interest with the help of his family as a slob and that he/she is ruining his family by staying around doing nothing. But the only reason society would even be thinking that is because they are comparing it to a model set forth 5 decades ago. They are still basing that today’s â€Å"perfect† family will still be exactly the same as it was back then. I think that as the social, political, and economic situation of a culture and society change, the standard for a â€Å"perfect† family also change. I also put the word perfect in quotation mark, as I want to show that the word perfect has high amount of flexibility. There is no one defining perfection. The model family was a model that was set forth in the 1950 where economy was booming; optimism is high in the air. This is not the case for the 21st century, we have only recover from the great recession and maybe due to the circumstances that is provided, a family where everyone stick together, pit their effort and wealth together is actually the best solution right now. Also the model family is created for the American Culture, but hat about the Chinese culture, the Indian Culture, and the Middle Eastern Culture. Some of these cultures have the parents and the children and the children’s spouse and the children’s children all living together. This is their definition of a perfect family. Maybe the accordion family, the boomerang kid is Just another model of the perfect family that is used by another culture. Chapter 1 â€Å"Quality Time Redefined† (93-99) I think the hidden implication of the model family is that the family supposes to spend time together. Such as playing board games after dinner, attending church on Sunday, and simply interact with each other Just that much more. The only problem with this is that these all seem to be forced. Playing board games after dinner would kind of be like playing video game together after dinner speaking on today’s term. Well the model family is suppose to be the perfect happy family, but how can a family be happy if one or more member of the family is force to do stuff they do not want to be doing. Let’s say I want to play Madden 08 but my mom wanted to play Dance Dance Revolution, then whatever game we play, one of us will be stuck playing a game that we did not wanted to play. I believe that a family usually knows each other well enough to know what each other’s interests are. Then when there is an activity that comes up where every single-family member’s interest is met, they can all Just go and enjoy the event together. I don’t agree that the advancement in technology is lowering the quality of family time. If anything I think it is improving the quality of family time in a different way. Usually when my family spends family time together, it always ends in an argument or dispute because there is always someone in the group that do not want to be doing whatever we are doing. So as a matter of fact for my family, the traditional way of spending family time is actually decreasing the quality of family time. When my family Just all gathered together in a big room and do our own stuff, we all tend to go to bed happier and with out an argument. We were able to do what we wanted to do and we are still able to be around each other. On the other hand we would have been around each other but we would not have been able to do what we wanted to do. Also I think that the title of this article is completely correct on what quality time should be. I honestly believe that quality mime should be redefined. We are a nation that is constantly changing socially, politically, and technologically. The reason that families spend time playing board game 5 decades ago were because they do not have the technology we have to do other stuff together. The model of the perfect family is a model that needs to be updated for the people of the current era. Chapter 2†³Learning Power: The Myth of Education and Empowerment†(103-109) Education is a powerful tool. With it we can change those around us, modify the culture of others and push our self further than those around us. Also the education hat we have give us a sense of authority over other there we are defined by what we learn and where we go for school. Because education is highly value, the demands for education has rise which in turn raise the price for an education with it. Since Education can be used to change the way a culture think, it can be used to control the way that a population will be. The myth of empowerment is that with education it can shaped us to be more educated and more qualified to make decisions. But the other side of the story is that with education will are only focus on a single point, the acts and the material that we have learned is so embedded in our mind that we are not flexible to changes and new ideas. You read "Steinberg Analysis" in category "Papers" In this 21st century, there has been a new rise to what determines our identity and that is education, but the myth dispute whether what we know and learn in school defines the kind of people we are. The myth of education and empowerment also say that it is a chance to provide people with a chance for equality and a decent life. The motto is that you will get rewarded for the hard work you do. This is the American dream that everyone is after; if you have the education, you have the empowerment to do what is beyond what you are currently doing. Chapter 2 â€Å"Idiot Nation† (121-136) To answer the chapter’s first question, â€Å"NO, I do not feel like I live in a nation of idiots. † Maybe the reason I feel this way is because I’m on a campus surrounded by some of the most educated and informed people I will meet in my life. DRP. Moor’s repeated used of sarcasm shows that he is angry and irritated with how uninformed the American public is. I think he is Justify in how quickly people believe what they hear especially from someone with authority. The myth said that those with higher education usually feel more empowerment to make opinion and other also perceived them with more empowerment to make opinion. This is true with a terrible side effect as DRP. Moore show here. DRP. Moore demonstrates that the public will blindly follow those with higher education even though those with higher education may not be educated in the field they are making an opinion about. Also those with higher education want to maintain their status of empowerment therefore they are not willing to admit when their position are in the dark. Even when they do not know what is going on they will try their best to BBS their way out of it. The myth of the education is a caving effect. The uneducated blindly follow the educated that makes uneducated opinion for the uneducated to follow. Then when the next generation come up the uneducated are making opinion that is not correct. DRP. Moore in his example demonstrated someone with prestigious education that is leading the nation, George W. Bush. George W. Bush went to Harvard and Yale therefore he must be educated, right? Well according to the myth, George W. Bush is one of the most educated and empowered to make decision, but DRP. Moore showed that even though George W. Bush had an upper education, his education might have only been Seibel because of his families influence. This shows that Just because someone has education does not necessarily empower him or her to make decisions. Just because someone has education does not necessarily make his or her opinion more valid. America believes that education is power, yet they do nothing to fix up the condition that their future is studying in. The myth said that America believe that a proper education is one of the most important aspect of a good future, but it is ironic how they are not even willing to turn their attention to fix up the most important tool to a DOD future. This in a way goes to show how educated the â€Å"educated† leader we have leading us is really are. The educated leader that we have in our society does not solve the problems, instead they let the problem pile up and then point finger at the one that is actually trying to make a difference. Maybe this sense of empowerment is just severely overrated. Chapter 2 â€Å"l Just Want Be Average† (151-162) The myth of education and empowerment is that if we work hard, we will have a fair chance at the life that we are working hard for. If we work hard, our hard work will be repaid back to us. Well in Mike Rose’s situation that is not the case, his education did not even start out by being fair. He was given an identity base on how he scored on a test and it was not even his test ironically. The myth of education and empowerment is false as not everyone get a fair chance at life despite how hard they work. The myth of empowerment is what leads to the abuse of the power of education. Education can be use to empower people with the ability to make decision or it can be a formula that is entrench into people’s mind so that they are following a guideline that they are taught when they are young. This was happening in Mike Rose’s vocational school. The education system did not give the kids a chance to do well in life and school. The kids are taught life skill so that when they come out they will be better to serve society. And when it comes time to teach what really matter, it seems as if education has Just abandon them and left them behind. The myth of education and empowerment is the belief that everyone has an equal chance to empower himself or herself and further their ability to go beyond what they are currently capable of doing. Yet this is not true as the education system is the exact opposite of that. The education system tries to create ridges so that there will be those to work the lower end Jobs and those to work the managerial position. It seems as if the idea that education is fair is only a myth. Education is also the idea that it empowers us to make educated decision. Well that is Just simply Just a myth, as in Mike Rose’s case, our educated leader would hire â€Å"empowered† teachers to teach the vocational class; the teachers usually would Just not care. ON the other hand McFarland, someone who is â€Å"unqualified† to teach is actually making an attempt to educate the kids. This really shakes the foundation that education empowered us the ability to do stuff. I think that instead of education empowering us to make decision and do stuff, it should be our action and our intent that be our empowerment. Chapter 2 â€Å"Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work† (163-179) The myth of education is that it should provide a fair chance for everyone to be accomplish in life. The idea is that if we simply work hard, we will be rewarded with for our hard work. This is not true in the American system and I can speak from personal experience. As Anyone demonstrated all of these school are separated into class by their possessed wealth, not by their capability and potential. As soon as the child of a poor family steps into school, his education will be to teach him to serve and obey order. This is not a fair chance for the child to be accomplish in life. It ironic how education is supposable to be the only way for those who are at the bottom to become those who are at the top, but in reality education is a way to push them further down and entrench a guideline so deep in their minds they will never come out of their pit. Education also empowers people to make the best decision. The teachers in the lower end school are empowered to make decision. But it seems as if their decision re harmful to those who the decision are being made for. This bring into question, are those who are educated really empower to make decision. Education is a powerful tool, but I believe that it’s entanglement with empowerment corrupt the pure intent that education should truly be. When people see education as a way to power themselves with authority, then education is not use in the way it should be. This can be prove the opposite too. People with education want to maintain their authority so they use education to squash those who they believe should stay at the low end to serve them. How to cite Steinberg Analysis, Papers

Liquidity - Business Cycles and Monetary Policy

Question: Discuss about the Liquidity, Business Cycles and Monetary Policy. Answer: It is observed that a competent professional account in business is an invaluable asset to the organization. The individuals employ an inquiring mind to their work found on the perspective of their knowledge of the organizations financial base. The financial accountants have their skills as well as intensive understanding of the organization as well as the environment in which the firm operate professional accountants in business environment. The training in accounting enables the accountants to implement a pragmatic as well as objective approach to resolving issues. The field of accounting profession has continuously been expanding their path and the series of responsibilities that are incorporated for keeping the record relevant in most systematic manner. The current report specifies the issues and definitions of accounting professional as well as how accounting issues can be resolved. The current report highlights research problems and issues and based on the issues found, the research represents an intensive critical analysis. In addition, the by analyzing the existing literature, the suitable findings regarding the accounting has been derived. In addition, the findings from the secondary information have always been observed. Lastly, a discussion has also been conducted focusing the previously reviewed literature. Background and definition of the issue/problem, including a justification why the issue is crucially relevant to my profession Although, the accountants have observed an increasing development in their field, some major barriers prevent the growth of their career. As put forward by Burns and Needles (2014), new technologies continue to enhance, rules as well as the regulations change, the cost of administration rise as well as many accountants could be worrying about when the future is awaiting for them. In this context, Behn, et at., (2012) commented that trust in traditional financial organizations highly remains low; however the accountants are still the most trusted sources of the advice for the majority of business. Therefore, in order to maintain as well as live up to this status, accountants need to be aware of the major challenges faced by the accountant industry in the current days. It is observed that one of the major challenges faced by accountants in the present days is the advanced technology embraced by the organizations. As stated by Guthrie, Evans and Burritt (2014), if the organizations are not turning to the unqualified accountants, many business could be selecting to go it alone. The advent of new online technologies as well as a mobile internet culture has observed a proliferation in the field of cloud based accountancy software. On the contrary, due to implementation of the technology, the business owners of large firms may not ask for the accountants when they could do a large number of functions by their own with the help of the software. Hence, Brealey et al., (2012) commented that it is evident that qualified accountants provide the expertise on tax planning as well as the business suggestions along with the increasing variety of the skills. However, the small business in this context does not understand this. The accountants need to be taking the lead in educating small as well as medium sized organizations regarding the drawbacks of self-administrated accounting software. Hence, the accountants should also focus on developing their skills to deal with such possible challenge. Another significant issue in the field of accounting is the trend towards the firm consideration. In this context, Van Der Wijs (2012) commented that with increasing costs in all sectors, minimizing overheads as well as the expenses, sharing the overall resources and expanding the offerings to deliver a more diverse selection of the services to the customers may not make sense. This does not make sense, as there are many in the accounting sector, who might argue that organization consolidation is actually a solution to the issue dealing with a number of accountants. Projects aim, objective and questions The aim of the project is to evaluate and discuss the financial characteristic of small as well as large ventures and their implication in the business. Thus, to reach the aim of the research, some relevant objectives have been established in the following. To critically review and explain the relationship of financial characteristics of small as well as the large venture and its influence in respect of growth or failure of the business To critically examine how account as well as management make their decisions by assessing the financial characteristics of the organization To critically the role of the financial characteristics of business as well as their contribution invest for forming increasing returns on the base of financial ratio analysis Research Question How does the financial characteristics of small as well as large venture impacts on the success or the failure of the organization? How do the financial the characteristics of the organization help to take light investment decision What significant role of financial characteristics of business can be developed in the creation of higher returns on the basis of financial ration analysis? Detail critical and well-structured literature review Financial characteristics of small and large venture Small-seized venture are considered as the major employers as well as drivers of economic growth. It is often seen that small business entrepreneurs could often use their families finance to fund their business. On the contrary, the others are observed to be seeking external funding, which could include additional equity or debt from family and friends. In this context, Gerber, Hui, and Kuo (2012) added that small sized venture are considered often for the analytical purpose, including the industry in which the small business is in probably to play a crucial role for determination of organizations financial characteristic. In general, the financial characteristic embedded with the several financial ideas such as profitability, indebtedness as well as liquidity. Conversely, on the financial perspective, small venture may not borrow compared to the larger ones. Hence, Atherton (2012) commented that large business tend to be formed more leveraged in comparison with the venture while bor rowing. However, in order to discuss the financial characteristics of all size of organizations, financial performance and the characteristics of Commonwealth Bank, Australia has been considered. The financial performance and the business review indicate that net profit of the organizations increased 5% on the prior year to $9,137 million (Commbank.com.au, 2017). Hence, the earning per share increased 5% on the prior year to 560.9 cents per share and the return on equity. In addition to this also observed that net interest income increased to 5% to $15,799 million and this reflects almost 7% growth interest earning assets, which is partly offset by five basic points decreased in net interest margin. Notwithstanding, the other basic income increased 12% to $4,839 million with the inclusion of 1% benefit from the lower Australian dollar (Commbank.com.au, 2017). This often reflects the volume driven growth in commissions. The data record also makes it evident that higher trading income is often driven by the strong market sales and business performance. On the other side, it is also learnt that insurance income of the company decreased 3% to $792 million. This happens due to the deterioration in claims experience and partly offset by average premium growth 6% of as the outcome of enhanced pricing as well as laps rates. The financial statement of the company indicates that firms operation has observed both profits and loss but several areas of the business gained the profits. These opportunities help the firm to further extend the operation. Whats the right perspective-Industry or Size? It is found out that small business are often grouped together for analytical purpose; however, the industry a small business operates probably play as significant role in determining organizations financial characteristic. For instance, small mining organizations are seen to be more similar to other mining organizations that are currently benefitting from high commodity price, whereas some organizations in such field related to tourism could be more aligned with other organizations that are currently facing the challenges. Thus, it can be mentioned that industry or size is more relevant in terms of financial characteristics such as profitability as well as liquidity. As stated by Dietrich (2012), the small business or the organizations are seen to be less likely to borrow in compared to large ones. It is identified that when the small firms do borrow, they tend to be leveraged than the large organizations. This could reflect minimized access to the finance for the smaller organizati ons, which is associated with more valuable revenue streams. This could make servicing debt more complicated and difficult. As commented by Killing (2012), the industry also appears to be more significant driver of the overall level of developing a business; however, within each industry. The business size plays a significant role in developing the business. Profitability In board terms, small organizations appear to be more profitable, which is measured as having higher return on the asset than the large organizations. Hence, it is observed that profitability could also vary across the sector. For instance, the constructions organizations are observed to be having a higher return on the assets over the most recent economical cycle. Nevertheless, in most of the sectors, the median return on the assets is higher for smaller organizations. This concept tends to reflect the fact that small ventured could be more risky with an increasing variation in return than large organizations. The investors tend to look for a higher expected return on the risk investment. Here, Brigham and Houston (2012) commented that the increasing dispersal of return on assets among the small firms compared to large organizations. Liquidity- Liquidity is usually referred to an organizations ability to pay the short term debt, bills as well as and other obligations from the cash or the assets that could easily be turned into cash. One significant measure is the quick ratio (Hochberg, 2012). This means the organizations current assets to its current liabilities. It is identified that small business is more likely to become liquid, which has higher quick ration compared to the large business. Hence, the industry could also play a significant role. For instance, organizations in the wholesales as well as retail trade sector should be less liquid. This could be due to the cashflow that remains relatively for long. Industry composition as well as associated economic condition The difference between small and large business conditions is partly because of the different industries in which the firms operate as the often seen in the small business. This can be understood by an example such as a small share of small business is directly demonstrated to the mining industry due the presence of mining related projects. On the contrary, there is an increasing share of small business in the construction sector, which has observed a soft demand for the residential as well as commercial construction. A detailed discussion on the implementation of the project- In order to implement the current project successfully, the research conducts detailed analysis. The existing literature on this context has been reviewed to find out the gap the previous research. Methodology- It is observed that research techniques are backbone of the research as it helps to stand the research meeting all requirements. The outcome of the research projects depends on the implementation of the research. Therefore, it is necessary to apply each technique effectively to gain the desired outcome. Thus, the current research starts with providing the descriptions of the variables of the research topic. The research variables reviewed and analyzed with the finding found in the existing studies. Based on the discussion and the comparison with the existing literature, the research issues have been found. Thereafter, research questions and objectives have been formed considering the major issues such as the challenge of advanced technology and firm consideration. Likewise, based on the issue and the objectives made, the existing studies have been evaluated. Based on the finding found, the secondary information has been evaluated. The research does not include any primary analysis. T he secondary analysis has been conducted with the findings found in the existing literature. Furthermore, the research extends to the discussion on the findings of previously reviewed literature. This analysis has been carried out to emphasize on other related variables. Findings from the secondary information analysis The secondary information indicates that small and medium-sized enterprise plays a pivotal role in national economies of nations around the world. This is particularly true for the emerging market. The availability of finance has been considered as the major factor in the development, growth as well as successfulness of small and large venture. Financing method employed by small and medium organization could vary from initial internal sources such as owner manager financial assistance from family and friends (Benavides-Velasco, Quintana-Garca, Guzmn-Parra, 2013). In this context, in accordance with the context of financial growth as well as financial needs, the financial options available for small and large change throughout the different phase of organizational lifecycle. It is also identified that financial strategies are needed at different stage of firms growth cycle. Generally, due to the unique feature that characteristics small and large venture at the time of start-up phase such as information opacity. Furthermore, it is also observed that due to the lack of trading history as well as increasing high risk of failure, the small and large venture in this stage rely on insider funding sources. As commented by Babajide (2012), the small and medium organizations advance through their business lifecycle, they start to steadily adjust their capital structure. The findings indicate that during the growth stage of the business, the small and medium organizations mature, they begun to build a track record in addition to the ability to provide collateral (Brewer Genay 2015). It is further observed that this serves to enhance the creditworthiness of the organization. Therefore, they attract the attention of investors eagerly inject the money into the business. As the outcome, the organizations begin substitute internal with the external financial sources involving venture capitalists, bank loans as well as trade credits to name a few of them (Chemmanur, Loutskina and Tian, 2014). A number of empirical researches indicate that the use of lifecycle model as their selected approach to realize the understanding the financial behavior of small and large organizations. In field of discussion, Mollick (2014) mentioned that financial behavior of small and medium size organization to a large extent could be attributed to the lifecycle pattern which was found consistent over time as well as completely similar across the different sectors and organizational context. Notwithstanding, secondary information make it evident that growth life cycle model that it may not offer a complete picture of small and large venture financial decisions as well as behavior. Generally, the characteristics of small and large venture affect their financial decisions as well as behavior and eventually the organizational performance and growth (Malmstrm, 2014). Hence, the existing literature has identified several characteristics particularly related to the small and large venture as the factors influence the financial behavior of the organization in this sector. This may include organizational size, age, the type of ownership and the legal form. It is also identified from the secondary information that size of the firm has as effect on small and large ventures activities as well as its potential to expand to acquire general agreement. The size of the firm is usually coupled with the age as they tend to have similar influence on organizational life cycle. Discussion of the findings in light of previously reviewed literature The findings of previously reviewed literature indicate or provide different perspective in respect to the establishment of the small and large venture. When it comes to growth of such venture, the literature indicates that growth is one of the significant phenomenons especially in small enterprise. Moreover, their state of existence or the survival depends relies on their power to take part in the market with other large organizations. It is also evident that growth decreases the possibility of closing small venture. Thus, the author in the existing literature have mentioned that strengthening is the more significant not because of the enterprise as well as their owners but for all the stakeholders involved, as these firms thrust forward the economy through the action of highlighting diversity of the products and the services. It is also identified that growth phenomenon of the small ventures had been largely analyzed within the entrepreneurship. However, the one single motive found is that most of them fail to expand during their survival. Hence, the small business abstains from maximizing or growing. Conversely, some of the organizations having the economic stability do not wish to increase the growth while other desire slows growth even though they are run their operations quite successfully. In addition to this, it is also observed that most of the small ventures usually do not go beyond the stage when they begin their activities. From the findings of previous reviewed literature, it is observed that the complex nature of growth of small venture may require further intensive research as many studies have been enhanced to measure the growth of the firm. Furthermore, the other studies have dealt with the growth strategies or on the development intention. It is observed that explication on growth decisions, contextual dimensions and the role of venture agency are still lacking. Thus, the requirement for the future studies could be justified because of the fact that theories developed to describe the growth of the large organizations that are not adapted to foreground the same phenomenon in small ones. Notwithstanding, the researchers could develop explanations on the context the owner of the business take decisions whether to expand their business growth or not. The existing research on this context also say that growth of the small venture could be related to the new markets, particularly in the case of technology, the organizations in respect to diversification. In addition to this, there are some opinions that growth could occur alternatively as the integration of the part of the value chain or kind of vertical growth. However, the research also indicates that growth can be affected at several levels but the formulation of the growth widely depends on the identification of origin of the resources, capacities as well as accumulation method. Lastly, from the strategic perspective, it can be added that it is necessary to rely on the people with the cognitive capacities for the growth of small and large venture because of the holder of such as foundation are not the sole protagonist of growth. Additionally, the competence of business owner should be involved in broadening the network, which is highly important. Conclusion On the completion of the report, it can be mentioned that growth of small and large venture could depend several significant factors. However, it is necessary for the owners of such firm to understand dynamics of market. One of the most threatening dynamics is the s unstable state of economy which large influence the growth and the failure of the business. Finding of the literature make it transparent that there is an influence of firms variable on the growth. It is observed that besides the individual level another intermediary level could affect the growth through the organizations. Thus, one of the widely discussed aspects in the literature is the effect exerted by the size of the venture. Nevertheless, further studies have demonstrated that the size influence the growth although no particular agreement has been formed on whether small venture tend to increase more than the large organizations. Recommendation It is necessary for the accountant professionals to understand current dynamic situation of the market. The accountants should gain the ability of building a small firm to its desired position. The following suggestions could help the accountants to enhance their skills and knowledge in their field. Mentoring-Each small and large firm has started providing employee mentoring programs. The mentors could help the accounting professionals to increase their interpersonal skills and knowledge. Training and ongoing education- The certified public accountant need continued professional development each year. Thus, it is necessary for the accountants to take part in such training and development session to gear up any challenge in their field. Enhance knowledge in Advanced technology- It is necessary for the accountants to understand the importance and learn the use of advanced technology. Both small and large organizations have been embracing the new technologies. Thus, gaining knowledge about the software and its use, the accountants could deal with the issues. Limitation and Future Research- The current study is restricted to certain area such as large and small venture as well as financial characteristics. The research does not provide any discussion on the profitability of such size of venture or their current position in the market. In addition, the research is only restricted to secondary information. The research can be further extended by considering an organization of such large and small venture and conducting a primary analysis. The primary analysis can be conducted by considering the current situation of the firm. Reference list: Atherton, A. (2012). Cases of start-up financing: An analysis of new venture capitalisation structures and patterns.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research,18(1), 28-47. Commbank.com.au.. (2017).Annual reports - Commonwealth Bank Group. Retrieved 7 February 2017, from https://www.commbank.com.au/about-us/shareholders/shareholder-information/annual-reports.html Babajide, A. (2012). Effects of microfinance on micro and small enterprises (mses) growth in nigeria.Asian Economic and Financial Review,2(3), 463. Behn, B. K., Ezzell, W. F., Murphy, L. A., Rayburn, J. D., Stith, M. T., Strawser, J. R. (2012). The Pathways Commission on Accounting Higher Education: Charting a national strategy for the next generation of accountants.Issues in Accounting Education,27(3), 595-600. Benavides-Velasco, C. A., Quintana-Garca, C., Guzmn-Parra, V. F. (2013).Trends in family business research.Small Business Economics,40(1), 41-57. Brealey, R. A., Myers, S. C., Allen, F., Mohanty, P. (2012).Principles of corporate finance. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Brewer, I. Genay, H. (2015). Small Business Investment Companies: Financial Characteristics and Investments.Journal Of Small Business Management,33(3), 38. Retrieved from https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-17438228/small-business-investment-companies-financial-characteristics Brigham, E. F., Houston, J. F. (2012).Fundamentals of financial management. Cengage Learning. Burns, J. O., Needles, B. E. (Eds.). (2014).Accounting education for the 21st century: the global challenges. Elsevier. Chemmanur, T. J., Loutskina, E., Tian, X. (2014). Corporate venture capital, value creation, and innovation.Review of Financial Studies,27(8), 2434-2473. Cheng, S., Hameed, A., Subrahmanyam, A., Titman, S. (2014). Short-term reversals and the efficiency of liquidity provision.Queens University Working Paper. Claessens, S., Kose, M. A., Terrones, M. E. (2012). How do business and financial cycles interact?.Journal of International economics,87(1), 178-190. Dietrich, A. (2012). Explaining loan rate differentials between small and large companies: evidence from Switzerland.Small Business Economics,38(4), 481-494. Fairlie, R. W. (2012). Immigrant entrepreneurs and small business owners, and their access to financial capital.Small Business Administration, 1-46. Gerber, E. M., Hui, J. S., Kuo, P. Y. (2012, February). Crowdfunding: Why people are motivated to post and fund projects on crowdfunding platforms. InProceedings of the International Workshop on Design, Influence, and Social Technologies: Techniques, Impacts and Ethics(Vol. 2, p. 11). Guthrie, J., Evans, E., Burritt, R. (2014). Australian accounting academics: challenges and possibilities.Meditari Accountancy Research,22(1), 20-37. Hochberg, Y. V. (2012). Venture capital and corporate governance in the newly public firm.Review of Finance,16(2), 429-480. Killing, P. (2012).Strategies for joint venture success (RLE international business)(Vol. 22). Routledge. Kiyotaki, N., Moore, J. (2012).Liquidity, business cycles, and monetary policy(No. w17934).National Bureau of Economic Research. Lambert, V. A., Lambert, C. E. (2012). Qualitative descriptive research: an acceptable design.Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research,16(4), 255-256. Malmstrm, M. (2014). Typologies of bootstrap financing behavior in small ventures.Venture Capital,16(1), 27-50. Mollick, E. (2014). The dynamics of crowdfunding: An exploratory study.Journal of business venturing,29(1), 1-16. Rba.gov.au. (2016). Retrieved 21 December 2016, from https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/workshops/other/small-bus-fin-roundtable-2012/pdf/03-fin-character-small-bus.pdf Van Der Wijst, D. (2012).Financial structure in small business: Theory, tests and applications(Vol. 320). Springer Science Business Media. Van Der Wijst, D. (2012).Financial structure in small business: Theory, tests and applications(Vol. 320). Springer Science Business Media. Vogel, H. L. (2014).Entertainment industry economics: A guide for financial analysis. Cambridge University Press.

international trading Essays - International Trade, Export

Americans have many different viewpoints when the subject of international trading comes up, while some people may strongly approve, there are others who may still disapprove. There is no clear-cut answer as to whether international trading is beneficial or not. One thing is for sure; with the pros, there are the cons, and then there are the equally uncertain pros and cons. There is no doubt in my mind that international trading is a great thing, not just for consumers, but also for many otherwise poor, unfortunate countries, their economies, and their people. One reason why international trading can be very beneficial to consumers is for pricing purposes. When there are expanded global markets then the prices of goods may go down considerably. These pricing decreases could be because of the large market competition, or because the cost of raw materials are cheaper to obtain from abroad, or it could also be because of cheaper labor overseas. There are many countries that depend on trading to provide materials and goods that otherwise would not be available to them. Other reasons why trade is important is because trading provides global job expansion, it improves our economy, it may also improve relationships between countries, and/or there could be favorable exchange rates. Trading with foreign countries requires knowledge of their laws, customs, language, etc. It is crucial for your business to know all this information when dealing with other countries; this is why it can be very beneficial to expand branches overseas. Exporting goods to other countries, helps improve the economy at home by providing employment to its citizens. When foreign currency weakens against the U.S. dollar, trading then becomes a major advantage to the U.S. This means that the U.S. will be able to purchase more quantity at a cheaper cost. Those are some examples of the benefits of international trading, however with the pros there are the cons. A huge disadvantage of global trading is the amount of off-shoring jobs, if this amount is not controlled; it has the possibility of causing a higher rate of unemployment in our local economy. Another drawback of trading is the cheaper costs of products and goods overseas; this attracts a high number of consumers because of the obvious cost benefit. This ends up becoming harmful and costing more to consumers in the long run because this causes local suppliers, manufacturers, and stores to go out of business; increasing the unemployment rate within our community. Other disadvantages of international trading may be the high cost to transport products and goods overseas, since the only way to deliver these goods are by barge or by aircraft. On top of these costly shipping charges, countries may charge tariffs for the importing or exporting of goods overseas. Then there is the topic of payment and what type of currency is expected, and when payment is expected; it is also important to know the exchange rates with different currency. When dealing with international countries, one must be informed about international laws, treaties, different customs, languages, religions, and much more. Although it seems that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages, I think that international trading is a fantastic thing. It brings countries together and builds important long-term relationships among these countries. Trading demonstrates that even the poorest and smallest of the countries are able to provide some type of contribution to the global market. These are some reasons why I think international trading is such an absolute advantage to everyone.

Definition and Examples of Episteme in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Episteme in Rhetoric In philosophy and  classical rhetoric, episteme is the domain of true knowledgein contrast to doxa, the domain of opinion, belief, or probable knowledge. The Greek word episteme is sometimes translated as science or scientific knowledge.  The word epistemology (the study of the nature and scope of knowledge) is derived from  episteme.  Adjective: epistemic. French philosopher and philologist Michel Foucault (1926-1984) used  the term episteme  to indicate the total set of relations that unite a given period. Commentary [Plato] defends the solitary, silent nature of the search for epistemetruth: a search that leads one away from the crowd and the multitude. Platos aim is to take away from the majority the right to judge, choose, and decide. (Renato Barilli, Rhetoric. University of Minnesota Press, 1989) Knowledge and Skill [In Greek usage] episteme could mean both knowledge and skill, both knowing that and knowing how. . . . Each of the artisans, a smith, a shoemaker, a sculptor, even a poet exhibited episteme in practicing his trade. The word episteme, knowledge, was thus very close in meaning to the word tekhne, skill. (Jaakko Hintikka,  Knowledge and the Known: Historical Perspectives in Epistemology. Kluwer, 1991) Episteme vs. Doxa - Beginning with Plato, the idea of episteme was juxtaposed to the idea of doxa. This contrast was one of the key means by which Plato fashioned his powerful critique of rhetoric (Ijsseling, 1976; Hariman, 1986). For Plato, episteme was an expression, or a statement that conveys, absolute certainty (Havelock, 1963, p. 34; see also Scott, 1967) or a means for producing such expressions or statements. Doxa, on the other hand, was a decidedly inferior expression of opinion or probability...A world committed to the ideal of episteme is a world of clear and fixed truth, absolute certainty, and stable knowledge. The only possibility for rhetoric in such a world would be to make truth effective... A radical gulf is presumed to exist between discovering  truth (the province of philosophy or science) and the lesser task of disseminating it (the province of rhetoric). (James Jasinski, Sourcebook on Rhetoric. Sage, 2001)- Since it is not in human nature to acquire knowledge (episteme) that would make us certain what to do or say, I consider one wise who has the ability through conjecture (doxai) to attain the best choice: I call philosophers those that engage themselves with that from which this sort of practical wisdom (phronesis) is speedily grasped. (Isocrates, Antidosis, 353 BC) Episteme and Techne I have no criticism to make of episteme as a system of knowledge. On the contrary, one can argue that we would not be human without our command of episteme. The problem is rather the claim made on behalf of episteme that it is all of the knowledge, from which stems its proclivity to crowd out other, equally important, systems of knowledge. While episteme is essential to our humanness, so is techne. Indeed, it is our ability to combine techne and episteme that sets us apart both from other animals and from computers: animals have techne and machines have episteme, but only we humans have both. (Oliver Sackss clinical histories (1985) are at once moving as well as entertaining evidence for the grotesque, bizarre, and even tragic distortions of human beings that result from a loss of either techne or episteme.) (Stephen A. Marglin, Farmers, Seedsmen, and Scientists: Systems of Agriculture and Systems of Knowledge.  Decolonizing Knowledge: From Development to Dialogue, ed. by  Frà ©dà ©rique Apffel-Marglin and Stephen A. Marglin. Oxford University Press, 2004) Foucaults Concept of Episteme [In  Michel Foucaults The Order of Things] the archaeological method attempts to uncover a positive unconscious of knowledge. This term denotes a set of rules of formation which are constitutive of the diverse and heterogeneous discourses of a given period and which elude the consciousness of the practitioners of these different discourses.  This positive unconscious of knowledge is also captured in  the term episteme. The episteme is the condition of possibility of discourse in a given period; it is an a priori set of rules of formation that allow discourses to function, that allow different objects and different themes to be spoken at one time but not at another. Source:   (Lois McNay,  Foucault: A Critical Introduction. Polity Press, 1994)

Project Management Take-Home & Interview Assignment

Project Management Take-Home & Interview - Assignment Example These individuals take part in the decision-making processes that may occur when the project is underway. To ensure a success for the project, the roles of ach of the members of this project organization need to be specified and each individual should stick to his are of jurisdiction. The project manager is the leader of the project organization. The manager has the responsibility of managing the resources that are available for the project. He or she is also responsible for ensuring that the project is executed according to the schedule. Communication is very important in the management of a project. ‘It is important that all members of the project team (including the client) be on the same page at the same time during every phase of the project’ (Goto, 2000, p.5). It should be noted that all the activities in a project are essential for the completion of the project. A close and effective communication mechanism will enable the project manager and the other members of the team to identify the areas that may cause delay in the completion time of the project. This problem can then be fixed in liaison with the client depending on its gravity. There is need for constant communication with the project sponsor/client. This can be achieved by issuing more than one reliable communication means like mobile phones, e-mail addresses. The client organization and the consulting firm both have their permanent contacts that should be exchanged during the execution of the project. Failures in projects can be caused by risks and uncertainties that may not be foretold. However, the risks can be minimized by observing certain criterion. In planning for the project, it is important to ensure that the activities involved in the tasks are identified and time estimates given accordingly. The project manager should ensure that proper

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES FOR THE Research Paper

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES FOR THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY - Research Paper Example A Multinational Corporation (MNC) is an enterprise engages in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) which possesses or built facilities, operates and controls value-added undertakings in many countries. A firm is considered an MNC when 25% of its production and services output came from external through trading and services as well as infuse capital, technology, and managerial expertise to undertake production in foreign countries (Spero & Hart, 1997). Economists posit that a company is considered multinational when it has nurtured a number of affiliates or has subsidiaries in other countries; operate in an array of services and operations globally; gather high rate or percentile of assets, revenues, or profits; its human capital, stockholders, and administrators composed of varied nationalities, and their offshore operations are extensive, ambitious, and inclusive of manufacturing, research and developments (Spero et.al.1997, p 117). Often, the subsidiary company got financial and supervisory support from its parent company or may undertake joint venture in the operations. The financial transfer is called by economists as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) which is aimed at controlling some offshore assets and when it invests capital to a subsidiary in other nation by purchasing an enterprise or by feeding capital to commence a new operation (Spero et.al.1997). Sometimes, MNCs does portfolio investment by buying stock or bonds from a national corporation (Spero et.al.1997). Many MNCs are engaged in extractive industries, manufacturing of technology, banking and finance, and the like, but in its corporate management, they are distinct in their technological capacity, corporate structure and the nature of products and services they introduced to the market (Spero et.al.,1997). Their characteristics illustrate that their profit sometimes is more that the gross domestic product (GDP) in almost 170 nations (Spero et.al.1987, p. 119) because they

Homework 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homework 2 - Essay Example It can as well be noticed in the records that Saudi Arabia had the highest percentage of contribution while Comoros had the lowest percentage of contribution to the sum total of the Gross Domestic Product of the 22 Arab League members (Vijay 2012). The GDP was as well compared with that of the various countries. The first country that was compared with that of the 22 Arab League members was United Kingdom. From the records, it was clearly seen that in the year 2012, the GDP of the country was 2440 billion US dollars. This was slightly higher than that of the 22 countries in question. It was later followed by Germany that had a GDP of 3600.8 billion US dollars in the same financial year, 2012 (Vijay 2012). The GDP of France and U.S were the highest compared to all the computed GDP of the other countries. In the year 2012, the GDP of France was found to be 2.613 trillion US dollars. This was many times the GDP of the 22 Arab countries in hand. The leading country in terms of the GDP was US that had a GDP amounting to 15.68 trillion US dollars (Vijay

Marxist and Functionalist theories of class and inequality

Marxist and Functionalist theories of class and inequality CLASS AND STRATIFICATION ‘Marx believed that our society was in a state of continual conflict between the working class and upper class; evaluate the Marxist theory of social class using Functionalism and Postmodernism theories of class’. Compare and contrast Marxist and functionalist explanations of class and inequality. There are several sociological perspectives and they all have different ideas and theories about class and inequality, including Marxist (Karl Marx a conflict theory) and Functionalist (Emile Durkheim, Robert Merton a structural consensus theory). In this essay I will show the different theories of social class from these two perspectives. I will then conclude by evaluating the Postmodernist view of social class. Marxism was introduced by Karl Marx (1818-1883). Karl Marx believed that society was divided into two classes, the Bourgeoisie (ruling class) and the Proletariats (lower/working class) (Burton, 2013). He believed that that the bourgeoisie exploited and oppressed the proletariat. Marx followed the structural conflict perspective and believed that institutions such as education, the media and the law are used by the bourgeoisie as a way to define and influence social class (Marx, 1818 cited in Blunden, 2013). Marx also believed that Capitalism would lead to polarisation of the two classes with the rich getting richer while the poor get poorer. This polarisation makes it harder for the poorer classes to achieve in life as well as achieving social mobility. He believed that as the capitalist society advanced the small business owners would be absorbed by the bourgeoisie and multinational companies. Marx wanted the proletariat to overthrow the capitalist society of the bourgeoisie and hop ed for a classless society where wealth and profit was divided equally (Anon, n.da). There has been much criticism on Marx’s theory of social class the first being that this theory is much too simplistic in that society cannot be based on only two different classes. In a modern society class is not as simple as Marx claimed it was and the communist society that Marx wished for has been tried and failed, Russia is a prime example of this. In addition there are many other divisions within societies that Marx did not consider, such as age, race, gender etc. Another major criticism is that Marx’s idea if monopolization has not come to fruition as although there are many large national companies there are also many small businesses as well despite the process of polarisation still occurring in some areas (Anon, n.da). The Marxist theory of class, although it does hold some valid theories, is flawed in that in a modern society there are many processes in place to ensure that workers are not exploited, such as unions and fair wages laws. Also in a modern socie ty conflict within the workplace is rare as those who are unhappy do have the option to improve and move up or down positions, so this would suggest social mobility is possible (Anon, n.da). Functionalism was introduced by Emile Durkheim (1858-1917). The main principle of functionalism is that each part of a society is interdependent and contributes towards making society work as a whole. Each of these parts has to be working correctly but if something does go wrong then society has mechanisms to deal with them, such as the police and the legal system. Functionalists also believe that every social institution has many important functions to perform (Durkheim, 1858 cited in Burton, 2013). Therefore stratification is necessary for every society as it helps to maintain social order and stability if every part knows its role (Davis Moore, 1945 cited in Anon, n.d). Durkheim introduced the theory ‘anomie’, or ‘lack of social norms’, that could cause instability or chaos. This concept bought to light many instances that could affect a society in a negative way and especially the behaviour of individuals towards one another (Emile Durkheim org, 2013). Another concept put forward by Durkheim â€Å"the sum of all of its parts is larger than the whole†, defined at the introduction of the structural/functionalist theory, is as relevant today as it was when first introduced (Gamble, 2008). There has been much criticism on the functionalist explanation of class, the first being that many of the vital jobs in modern society are not necessarily rewarded with high status or income, this is in total contrast to the functionalist belief that those vital jobs should be rewarded as so. Another big criticism of this approach is that it does not take into account individual differences, in that individuals can make an impact within an institution rather than the institution impacting the individual (Anon, n.da). This theory, much like the Marxist theory, is simplistic in the idea that all of society accept class inequality and that this inequality is inevitable for society. Postmodernists claim that society has moved on since the modern period and this has been caused by globalisation, the reduction of the power of the nation state, economic changes, fragmented social classes, and relativism, a way of looking at the world that includes every theory as valid. As societies change on a daily basis there are more and more claims that social class is becoming less significant and no longer a useful tool to measure societies by and some suggest that it is only deficient culture that keeps people in what would be called the lower classes (Burton, 2013). Postmodernist theories suggest that an individual’s choice of goods, such as supermarket choices, and lifestyle activities is now a much more important indicator of an individual’s identity. This identity is then what creates a person’s politics, sexuality and family structure etc. (Education Forum, n.d). This would then suggest that a postmodern society is defined by diversity and choice rather than social class. Within the postmodernist theory there is the emphasis on the extent to which family diversity is changing, the decline in the ‘normal’ two parent two children families, the growth of single parent families, cohabitation, gay marriage and increasing ethnic diversity. They say there is no longer a fixed family norm that people can refer to (Education Forum, n.d). As society is much more diverse than it was many years ago class is no longer relevant. This perspective believes that there cannot be a single theoretical explanation of society, whether by individual parts or as a whole, as society only exists as a reassuring entity. They argue that in a modern society the mass media plays a huge influential role in creating the image of what a society should be. Postmodernists Lyotard and Baudrillard believe that theories such as Marxism and Functionalism are ‘meta-narratives’ or ‘grand-narratives,’ meaning they both elaborate that society is under con trol, and it can be seen in some places that this is not the case (lyotard Baudrillard, n.d cited in Anon, n.db). References Anon. (n.d) Structure for all Essays [online]. Available from: https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=6ved=0CFwQFjAFurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edubuzz.org%2Fplhs-humanities%2Fwp-content%2Fblogs.dir%2F1925%2Ffiles%2F2013%2F11%2FEssay-structure-template-SS.docei=nIVRU8T7OsaqPJmugFAusg=AFQjCNGz_J3fJ7oqdNq7u0ai_tVV9Fte9wsig2=XIiq_tawT4LKaqZ3TzGJjgbvm=bv.65058239,d.ZWUcad=rja [Accessed on: 13th April 2014]. Anon. (n.db) Evaluate Post-Modernist Views on Inequality and Difference. Essay [online]. Available from: http://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Evaluate-Post-Modernist-Views-On-Inequality-And-486042.html [Accessed on: 3rd April 2014]. Blundon, A. (2013) Marxism [online]. Available from: http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/help/marxism.htm [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Burton, J. (2013a) Class and Stratification [Class Hand-out]. Access to Social Science: Class and Stratification, Northampton College. 1st April 2014. Burton, J. (2013b) Sociological Perspectives [PowerPoint Presentation]. Access to Social Science: Introduction to Sociological Theory [online via internal VLE], Northampton College. Available from: http://moodle.northamptoncollege.ac.uk/file.php/22/Week_2_to_5_Perspectives.pptx [Accessed: 1st April 2014]. Education Forum (n.d) Evaluate the postmodernist contribution to our understanding of society today [online]. Available from: https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2sqi=2ved=0CDcQFjABurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.educationforum.co.uk%2Fsociology_2%2Fpomoessay.pptei=bDxRU-blM4SMO8StgOgGusg=AFQjCNH5iXZK07FStrxrLlCR_WeGGDAITQsig2=ICRvr6RJxR4bkdA7ARhIzwbvm=bv.65058239,d.ZWUcad=rja [Accessed on: 3rd April 2014]. Emile Durkheim Org. (2013) Emile Durkheim: Father of Sociology [Online]. Available from: http://www.emiledurkheim.org/ [Accessed on: 13th April 2014]. Gamble, L. (2008) How Emile Durkheim’s Principles of Sociology Have Impacted Society [Online]. Available from: http://voices.yahoo.com/how-emile-durkheims-principles-sociology-impacted-1521203.html [Accessed on: 14th April 2014]. Grossman, A. (2013) Robert Merton [Online]. Available from: http://sociology.about.com/od/Profiles/p/Robert-Merton.htm [Accessed on: 14th April 2014]. Jain, H. (n.d) What are the Differences between Functionalism Marxism? [online]. Available from: http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8118568_differences-between-functionalism-marxism.html [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Shu-Yee, C. (2012) AS LEVEL: Functionalist VS Marxist [online]. Available from: http://sociologywithcandee.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/as-level-functionalist-vs-marxist.html [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Trueman, C. (n.d) Sociological Theories [online]. Available from: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/sociological_theories.htm [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Bibliography Anon. (n.d) A simple guide to Post Modernism [online]. Available from: http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/barrycomp/bhs/duffers_pdf/A simple guide to Post Modernism.pdf [Accessed on: 1st April 2014]. Anon. (n.d) Compare and Contrast Functionalist and Marxist Theories of Stratification [online]. Available from: http://www.omdix.com/pdf/docs/book_essay_termpaper_1071119348.pdf [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Anon. (2012) Assess the Functionalist and Marxist view of society [online]. Available from: http://potmd.wordpress.com/2012/02/20/assess-the-functionalist-and-marxist-view-of-society/ [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Anon. (n.d) Topic 3: Social Class and Cultural Identity [online]. Available from: http://realsociology.edublogs.org/files/2010/12/CI-WS3-09-2e72mee.pdf [Accessed on: 3rd April 2014]. Ask.Com. (n.d) What is Postmodernism in Sociology? [online]. Available from: http://uk.ask.com/question/what-is-postmodernism-in-sociology [Accessed on: 1st April 2014]. Devine, F. (1997) Social Class in America and Britain [online]. Edinburgh: University Press. Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CYEUhTYvaAkCdq=evaluate+post+modernist+views+on+social+classsource=gbs_navlinks_s [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Heilbroner, R. (n.d) The Worldly Philosophers Summary and Analysis Chapter 6 – The Inexorable System of Karl Marx [online]. Available from: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/w/the-worldly-philosophers/summary-and-analysis/chapter-6 [Accessed on: 3rd April 2014]. History Learning Site. (n.d) Marxist Concepts [online]. Available from: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/marxist_concepts.htm [Accessed on: 3rd April 2014]. Horky, A. (n.d) Differences Similarities in Functionalism Marxism [online]. Available from: http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8647778_differences-similarities-functionalism-marxism.html [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Klages, M. (2012) Postmodernism [online]. Available from: http://www.bdavetian.com/Postmodernism.html [Accessed on: 1st April 2014]. McGraw. (n.d) Structuralism, Post structuralism, and the Emergence of Postmodern Social Theory [online]. Available from: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072817186/student_view0/chapter17/chapter_summary.html [Accessed on: 1st April 2014]. S-cool. (n.d) Post-Modernism [online]. Available from: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/sociology/theoretical-standpoints/revise-it/post-modernism [Accessed on: 1st April 2014]. Simple Wikipedia. (2014) Postmodernism [online]. Available from: http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism [Accessed on: 1st April 2014]. Sociology Twynham. (2008) Differences between Functionalist and Marxist perspectives on education are: [online]. Available from: http://www.slideshare.net/sociologytwynham/marxist-functionalist-differences-presentation [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Sociology Twynham. (2008) What is the difference between Functionalists, Marxists and Feminists? (AS level answer) [online]. Available from: http://sociologytwynham.com/2008/06/27/what-is-the-difference-between-functionalists-marxists-and-feminists-as-level-answer/ [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. The Student Room. (n.d) What is the ‘postmodernism’ perspective in sociology? [online]. Available from: http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=2365056 [Accessed on: 1st April 2014]. Trainer, T. (n.d) Marxist Theory; A brief Introduction [online]. Available from: https://socialsciences.arts.unsw.edu.au/tsw/Marx.html [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014]. Wikipedia. (2014) Postmodernism [online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism [Accessed on: 1st April 2014]. Xlauren61x1. (2012) Functionalism and Marxism: Sociological Perspectives [online]. Available from: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Functionalism-And-Marxism-Sociological-Perspectives-1171672.html [Accessed on: 2nd April 2014].

Sons and Lovers as Bildungsroman Essay -- Lawrence Sons and Lovers Ess

Sons and Lovers as Bildungsroman      Ã‚  Ã‚  As a twentieth century novelist, essayist, and poet, David Herbert Lawrence brought the subjects of sex, psychology, and religion to the forefront of literature. One of the most widely read novels of the twentieth century, Sons and Lovers, which Lawrence wrote in 1913, produces a sense of Bildungsroman1, where the novelist re-creates his own personal experiences through the protagonist in (Niven 115). Lawrence uses Paul Morel, the protagonist in Sons and Lovers, for this form of fiction. With his mother of critical importance, Lawrence uses Freud’s Oedipus complex, creating many analyses for critics. Alfred Booth Kuttner states the Oedipus complex as: â€Å"the struggle of a man to emancipate himself from his maternal allegiance and to transfer his affections to a woman who stands outside the family circle† (277). Paul’s compromising situations with Miram Leivers and Clara Dawes, as well as the death of his ... ...293-294. Kuttner, Aldred Booth. â€Å"Sons and Lovers’: A Freudian Appreciation.† The Psychoanalytic Review. 3 (1916): 295-317. Rpt. In TCLC, Ed. Dennis Poupard. Vol. 16. Detroit: Gale, 1985. 277-282. Lawrence, D.H. Sons and Lovers. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1996. :Niven, Alastair. â€Å"D.H. Lawrence.† British Writers. Vol. 7. 1984. 87-126. Spilka, Mark. The Love Ethic of D.H. Lawrence. (1955): 244. Rpt. In TCLC. Ed. Dennis Poupard. Vol. 16. Detroit: Gale, 1985. 289-293.

Competencies in HR

Core competencies an essential method for the company. It helps to develop the competitive advantage over other companies. The actual sources of advantage are to be found in the management’s capability to combine business varied technologies and production skills onto competencies that authorize and enable individual businesses to adapt rapidly to shifting opportunities. In short, core competencies are the combined learning in the organization, particularly how to organize various production skills and participate numerous streams of technology to accomplish interactions and generate unexpected products (Prahalad, and Hamel, 1990, p. 9-90). In other words, by selecting and focusing on an organization’s core competences, the management is talented to take significance which empowers the organization to attain a greater productivity. The preferred outputs for an organization are increased profits and revenues. The output for an army organization is mission achievement in battle fighting, solidity operations, or homeland protection. Senior management will consequently be judged on their capability to recognize, encourage, and exploit core competencies that create achievement potential progress and revenue for an organization; efficiency and mission success for a military. While great republics usually tend to develop large, all-purpose forces to cover all possibilities and army characters, smaller republics, with both smallest citizens and resources or budgets must consider what core competencies they should emphasis in order to deliver worth additional contributions as association followers, peacekeeping contributors, and ad-hoc partners. These competencies can suggest concentrating on sure position competences. for Volume 9, 2007 Baltic Security & Defence Review 222 What is Competency? Competencies are the fundamental elements of talent management practices. They are the demonstrable and assessable knowledge, skills, behaviors, individual characteristics that are allied with or predicative of excellent job performance. There are two types of competencies: 1) technical competencies and, 2) behavioral competencies. Why competencies importance: The first point is to link the competencies model with business or organizational strategies that make the managements understand and define the skills, attributes, attitude and knowledge leads to high performance. Through competencies model the organization sends a consistent message to the workforce about what it takes to be successful in the job. The importance of competencies matrix helps employees realize what helps drive successful performance. It is an approach concentrate on the â€Å"how† of the job. It means the competency model is behavioral rather than functional concentrate on the people rather than jobs. Moreover, competency models consider as an outcome driven rather than activities, for instance, the job description focus on activities while the competencies matrix focus on outcomes. Integrates HR strategy with organizational strategy both focus of outcomes. The competencies framework set in the heart of HR, it serves as the basis upon which all employees processes are constructed (Berger and Berger, 2011). On the other word, competencies model provides an organization with a common language and a consistent and measurable platform on which Human Resource systems can be based. In addition, the competencies model is important because it: †¢Defining the factors for success in jobs and work roles. Assessing the current performance and future development needs of persons holding jobs and roles. †¢Mapping succession possibilities for employees. †¢Selecting applicants using competency based interviewing & assessment techniques. †¢Designing and determining training solutions. The competency Model: The competency model classifies usually three clusters of competencies: 1-Core competencies: reflect the set of critical competencies required throughout t he company to shape the organizational abilities and culture required to accomplish the strategic goals. Time management, communication and result orientation are an example of core competencies. 2-Leadership competencies: this type of competencies designed for the managerial position of several level for selection, succession planning and development purpose. An example of leadership competencies are Conflict management, leadership skills and strategic thinking. 3-Functional or technical competencies: consider as a special type use specifically for each job family. For example budgeting and forecasting, policies and procedure and payable are an examples of technical competencies.

Breaking Silence Essay Example

Breaking Silence Essay Example Breaking Silence Essay Breaking Silence Essay Breaking Silence In her article What is Poverty? Joe Goodwin Parker exposes the struggles that families in poverty endure on a daily basis. The idea that herself, as well as her family are in a vicious cycle of poverty in which there is nothing but dreaming for the bare essentials many of us take for granted. Parker argues that she wants people to grasp an understanding of poverty; she emphasizes the challenges of taking care of her children in her position, yet she is stuck, as there are very few that understands the lengths that people in her situation have to endure with limited resources. Parker describes the smell of poverty of being blatantly horrid. A smell in which she has no control over as in order to eradicate the smell she would need to have proper cleansing utensils that in turn costs money. The idea of cleansing oneself seems quite simple to the typical middle class citizen, yet Parker makes it evident that simple is simply not the case for someone in her position proposing: even the cheapest soap has to be saved for the babys diapers (142). She touches on the idea of asking for help (143), a shameful process that involves searching for money whether that be a relative, or a stranger in the hopes that the small amount of pocket change can go towards possibly a Jar of Baseline for her child, or some dish soap. The deterioration of your pride as you eventually start to look at what your life has come to, and the fate that lies ahead: a black future(144), theres nothing you can do but simply praying for something, anything that could be of some use to you and your family. For most, we had preconceived notions of people in poverty. The simple they should get a Job seems a lot easier said than done, Parker asserts l made twenty- woo dollars a week, and a good nursery school costs twenty dollars a week for three children. I quit my Job (142). Shes thrown into a situation in which there is limited opportunity in which she can progress and try to give her family a somewhat of a life. Asking for help is the best she can do, yet as degrading and pathetic as it is for her, its the only thing she has left. Parker illuminates, reminiscing in past events of life where she had all the essential items at her disposal. Happily married and ready to move into the next stages in life, and suddenly it was all stripped of her. The Cubans left, things got worse, and eventually she found herself in a position where the price of a necessity going up by two cents (143) had a strong impact on her life.

440 Different Topics for Essays and Speeches

440 Different Topics for Essays and Speeches If getting started is the hardest part of the writing process, close behind it (and closely related to it) may be the challenge of finding a ​good topic to write about. Of course, sometimes an instructor will solve that problem for you by assigning a topic. But at other times youll have the opportunity to choose a topic on your own. And you really should think of it as an opportunity- a chance to write about something you care about and know well. So relax. Dont worry if a great topic doesnt immediately spring to mind. Be ready to play with a number of ideas until you settle on one that truly interests you. To help get you thinking, weve prepared some writing suggestions- more than 400 of them, in fact. But they are only suggestions. Along with some freewriting and brainstorming (and maybe a good long walk), they should inspire you to come up with plenty of fresh ideas of your own. 440 Topics You Could Write About Weve organized the suggested topics into 11 broad categories, loosely based on some of the common ways of developing paragraphs and essays. But dont feel limited by these categories. Youll find that many of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any kind of writing assignment. Now follow the links to find more than 400 topic suggestions and see where they take you. Describing People, Places, and Things: 40 Writing Topics:Â  Descriptive writing calls for close attention to details- details of sight and sound, sometimes even of smell, touch, and taste. Weve come up with 40 topic suggestions for a descriptive paragraph or essay. It shouldnt take you long to discover at least 40 more on your own.Narrating Events: 50 Writing Topics:Â  Another word for narration is storytelling- though often the stories we tell actually happened. Narratives can serve to illustrate an idea, report an experience, explain a problem, argue a point, or simply entertain our readers. Here are 50 ideas for a narrative paragraph or essay. But dont feel that you have to tell one of our stories- not when you have so many of your own tales to tell.Explaining a Process Step by Step: 50 Writing Topics:Â  Process analysis means explaining how something is done or how to do something- one step after another. These 50 topics should start you thinking. But again, dont let our ideas get in the way of yours. Comparing and Contrasting: 40 Writing Topics:Â  Think about the last time you had to make a decision: right there is a topic for comparison and contrast. And right here youll find 40 more ideas that might be explored in a composition developed by comparison and contrast.Drawing Analogies: 30 Writing Topics:Â  A good analogy can help your readers understand a complicated subject or view a common experience in a new way. To discover original analogies that can be explored in paragraphs and essays, apply the as if attitude to any one of these 30 topics.Classifying and Dividing: 50 Writing Topics:Â  Are you ready to get organized? If so, youll probably be applying the principle of classification- perhaps to one of our 50 topics or to a brand new topic of your own.Examining Causes and Effects: 50 Writing Topics:Â  We cant tell you exactly what causes global warming, but maybe you can tell us. If not, these 50 other topic suggestions should start you thinking about why? and so what?Dev eloping Extended Definitions: 60 Writing Topics:Â  Abstract and controversial ideas can often be clarified through extended definitions. The 60 concepts listed here can be defined in various ways and from different points of view. Arguing and Persuading: 40 Writing Topics:Â  These 40 statements may be either defended or attacked in an argument essay. But you dont have to depend on our suggestions: lets see what issues really matter to you.Composing a Persuasive Essay or Speech: 30 Writing Topics:Â  Any one of these 30 issues may serve as the basis for a persuasive essay or speech.

Can freedom of speech guaranteed by 1st Amendment be lawfully and Essay

Can freedom of speech guaranteed by 1st Amendment be lawfully and soundly used to advocate abolishment of 1st Amendment - Essay Example Even advocating illegal acts is legal. Therefore, if we can use our freedom of speech to, for example, control someone with our lies, or to impose our personal convictions to others, there is no reason why we could not use that same freedom to advocate its own abolishment. Every single individual has the right to express their opinion. Although, sometimes not entirely. In some cases an individual may not be allowed to fully express his right of free speech because it may lead to criminal actions or have a bad effect on the society. This way of prevention is called censorship and it is a crucial symptom of collectivism. Furthermore, if everything gets under the control of the government (gets nationalized), it will mark the end of free speech. No matter how offensive its content is, freedom of speech is protected by the first Amendment and it is believed that academic freedom is a â€Å"bedrock of education in a free society†, furthermore, it cannot be denied, unless the speaker breaks the rules of the first Amendment that forbid the use of fighting words (which are not essential part of exposition of ideas and are likely to provoke a person to take revenge). Everyone has a right to express themselves freely, as long as they respect the few of restrictions of the first Amendment. Using that right, we can lawfully speak about almost anything. And, yes, we can use that right to speak against the first Amendment without doing anything that is illegal. But the fact that we have the legal right to speak against the first Amendment does not mean that anyone has to hear about it. â€Å"Free speech does not require anyone to listen.† But who would want to limit or completely abolish his rights? Theoretically, freedom of speech can be lawfully used to advocate abolishment of the first Amendment, but there are not many people who would agree that it would be a good thing to abolish it, and, without the support of the listeners, the one who advocates the

The Declaration of Independence Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Declaration of Independence Analysis - Essay Example The scene in 1776 during the meeting of the Continental Congress in Philadelphia was a very crucial one. The colonists have already fought many battles together yet were missing on the aspect of unity(â€Å"Purpose of the Declaration of Independence.†). The Declaration of Independence was vital as it united the colonists since many were reluctant to break away from their birth nation. Many wanted to compromise and mend the relations with Great Britain. The Declaration of Independence boosted the unity of the colonists and boldly stated the justification for the separation from a ruthless regime (â€Å"Purpose of the Declaration of Independence.†). Another key purpose the declaration of independence served was to break away from the British government. One can easily say that the purpose of the Declaration of Independence was to explain the view of the colonies (Armitage 15). Since the founding fathers deemed it necessary that all men are created equal, everyone shall ha ve a chance of â€Å"life, liberty and pursuit of happiness.† The Declaration in essence proclaimed that if the government derives of these rights, they have the right to rebel (Armitage 16). Since men create governments to protect their rights, it is essential that that the government accommodates their needs. Hence, the Declaration of Independence was vital towards the independence movement. The Declaration of Independence was also critical as it asked for foreign help. Without a doubt, most countries such as France and Spain did not recognize America as a country. However, the Declaration of Independence assisted the colonists in their pursuit to ask for assistance in the international sphere (â€Å"Purpose of the Declaration of Independence.†). This unity was vital as it would appeal other nations to completely obliterate England’s power for its quest to dominate in the North American hemisphere. Lastly, the Declaration of Independence listed all the list of grievances against the king, which was vital towards the liberation movement. The lists of grievances outlined all the woes that the colonists had to face due to the King’s assent to law. In addition, the Declaration of Independence wanted to eliminate slave trade, which was rejected by the King himself((Jefferson 18). The grievances also stated that the king would appoint governors in each colony and impose a system of control. Any legislature that the King was not pleasing to him was immediately refuted by his highness. Moreover, the king insisted on stationing his army in the colonies without the legal consent of the colonists (Jefferson 20). The Quartering Act imposed by King George III was controversial as it was burden amongst the colonists to financially assist them. All these list of grievances and salutary neglect (â€Å"Purpose of the Declaration of Independence.†) against the King were outlined in the Declaration of Independence. Thus, the Declaration of In dependence hence was critical as it listed many flaws and justifications for the right to withdraw from George’s cruel law (Jefferson 24). Works Cited Armitage, David.  The Declaration of Independence: a global history. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007. Print. Jefferson, Thomas, and Sam Fink.  The Declaration

European Convention of Human Rights and UK law Essay

European Convention of Human Rights and UK law - Essay Example The various conflicts and revolutions in the world have shaped the concept of human rights as we know it. In the last two hundred and fifty years, we see the clamour for human rights as the clamour of a world and of the various peoples inside it for equality and freedom. The European Convention on Human Rights was crafted with the end in view of promoting and preserving these rights. In the ECHR, the writer has chosen Articles 10, which pertains to Freedom of Expression. It While the right to free speech and assembly is a crystallized principle that has been place almost since the beginning of time, enjoying a cherished position in the bill of rights of virtually all civilized legal systems, the interpretation of what constitutes free and protected speech still has yet to be perfectly refined. This provision has been invoked many times over in the course of history, whether within the European Union or outside, successfully and unsuccessfully; and Courts have had many opportunities to set standards and devise guidelines to determine if the speech in question should be protected or not. It becomes more difficult when the right to free speech competes with another principle, for example, the principle of public order. In "easy" cases, all that should be done is look through jurisprudence until one finds the applicable case with similar facts. In "hard" cases with novel facts, the role of the judge becomes infinitely more difficult. The boundaries are ever-shifting; and internally, the judge will be trying not only to apply the law, but to subject the facts of the case in question to her own subjective inquiry in order to determine intent or mens rea. Statement of the law Article 10 of the ECHR reads: 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. this right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises. 2. The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or the rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. The United Kingdom law that will be examined in light of compatibilities and non-compatibilities are the Human Rights Act 1998, in particular the provision on the right to free expression and the right to privacy and the Public Order Act. The Human Rights Act 1998 received royal assent on November 9, 1998 and came into force on October 2, 2000. The objective of said Act was to harmonize the domestic law of the United Kingdom with the European Convention on Human Rights. To reaffirm the commitment of the UK to human rights and civil

Male Character Essay Example for Free

Male Character Essay Masculine roles have effective power in recent movies. In the chapter, the author who is Kenneth Mackinnon talks about ‘masculinity in movies’ by variety ways. He not only considers about the different kinds of movie genres, individual movies and those male movie stars in general, but also introduces the hard body and soft body contrastively for audience. Moreover, Mackinnon mentions about the disadvantages of masculinity in the films and provides three recent illustrations in 2000 to answer the questions of masculinity clearly. The evidence which author selected is widespread but all come from the main idea of masculinity such as technological advances, the homoeroticism and heterosexuals, the feminism and masculinity and even the culture and history about masculinity in movies. At the beginning of the chapter, Mackinnon introduces the different genres about masculinity in movies by using lots of examples. There are variety of movie types such as action genres, bond movies, westerns, war films, slasher movies, sports movies and something else. One of the most important types is action movie. As Mackinnon said, action movie is †a version of heroism was promoted in these movies that depended on visual evidence of physical strength and might. †(P294) For this reason, the publishers pay much money to superstars in order to get the extraordinary effects in action films. For example, Sylvester Stallone in ‘make rampage’ movie. Similarly, bond movie, as an action series, depicted a new type of masculinity, which found in †Gentleman Chivalry† from 1962 to the present. The kind of movie continues to execute the heroism, which is popular among audience. For instance, the famous identities of 007 are James Bond and his ‘bond girl’. However, there is too much â€Å"technological excess† and special effects in recent years. That’s captured audience’s attention negatively. The author has also stated the westerns, which are â€Å"the supreme genre for the depiction of traditional, laconic, dominating masculinity. † (P297)The protagonists are usually cowboys in Hollywood film. The consequence of those boys usually be alone. Moreover, western movie allows violence, homosociality and â€Å"evasion of domestication†. The author’s opinion of masculinity in sports movies is that they provide a kind of lifestyle, which is a pure physical machismo for audience. In other words, it is â€Å"a highly stylized version of traditional masculinity†(P300) people have chance to watch a â€Å"natural† masculinity in sports movie. (i. e. Field of Dreams). Another genre has been mentioned is comedy. It’s a different side of masculinity. Comedy always shows audience the irony of traditional masculinity, especially in vulnerable side. They focused more on conflicts from fatherhood rather than motherhood. In order to understand the masculinity movie deeply, the author selected a few individual movies such as Born on the Fourth of July, Dead Ringers, The Crying Game and The Full Monty. The protagonist of Born on the Fourth of July is Don Kunz who acts as a â€Å"heroic masculine ideal† in the movie. He thinks winning is the most important thing. â€Å"to win, others must be losers†(p304)make him full of physical strength. He is a typical figure of masculine in movie. Male stars are also an important factor for masculinity movie, because female audience, even some of male audience will follow the movie stars. In the chapter, Mackinnon introduce male stars such as Warren Beatty, Clint Eastwood and Charles Bronson.