Pronoun Usage Essay

Someone had left their tennis shoes in the middle of the floor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This sentence has a problem with pronoun usage in that there is a plural personal possessive pronoun, but someone is a singular pronoun.   Therefore, the sentence contains an error in agreement.   One can fix this error in four different ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first is to correct the error.   Someone had left HIS or HER tennis shoes in the middle of the floor.   This uses a singular personal possessive pronoun of his/her which does agree with the singular someone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another way to correct the sentence is to use a plural subject.   For example, both of my brothers left their tennis shoes in the middle of the floor.   Here, the pronoun BOTH agrees with the pronoun their in that they are both plural.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A third way to fix the error is to remove the pronoun altogether.   The sentence would sound like this:   Someone had left tennis shoes in the middle of the floor.   Of course this one does not imply that the shoes left necessarily belonged to the someone in question.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, one can avoid the confusion with the pronoun someone by using a more obviously singular subject.   For example, a person left his or her tennis shoes in the middle of the floor.   Or, my mother left her tennis shoes in the middle of the floor, or my father left his tennis shoes in the middle of the floor.

Customer Satisfaction on Marketing Mix of Lux Soap Essay

1. Introduction 1.1 Background of the study The trade atmosphere today is changing more rapidly than ever before. It is characterized by increasing competition from both domestic and foreign companies, a brandish of mergers and acquisitions, and more sophisticated and demanding customers who have great expectations related to their consumption experiences. Since services are intangible, heterogeneous, and inseparable, it is difficult to measure service quality objectively. So the companies have focus to so many different aspects in order to make sure their sales. This report deals with meeting up the new challenges that LUX is facing to manage the selling environment. LUX has stared so many projects to get a better position in the market. The objective of the study is to see customer satisfaction about marketing mix of LUX soap. 1.2 Significance This report is a requirement of the program for MBA program. We have tried our level best to make it as an excellent one. We used all the latest data and information. The report can help as the indicator of the level of satisfaction of the customers of the LUX soap and its marketing mix. It provides the true practice taking place in the marketing industry, which plays an important role for every student to meet the extreme challenges of the job market. It helps us in gathering knowledge on the modern practices of the marketing programs of LUX and its way to serve its customers. Its data comparison is based on the published information and further analysis. 1.3 Scope of the study It illustrates a study on customer satisfaction about the marketing mix of LUX soap. This report will help us to acquire information about the beautification industry of Bangladesh and systematically investigate the satisfaction pattern of the LUX soap users. This information will improve our knowledge, which will positively impact our learning experience. This report provides us the opportunity to exchange ideas with our classmates and faculty and learn about different techniques. It is necessary to stay current with new processes, ideas, and methods. By doing this report we get the opportunity to explore the areas of research and bring the new  information into our report. 1.4 Objective of the study 1.4.1 General Objective: The main objective of this report is to study the customer satisfaction on marketing mix of LUX soap. 1.4.2 Specific Objective: * To study the marketing mix of LUX soap. * To find out the level of customer satisfaction about LUX. * To know about the beautification industry of Bangladesh. * To know about the competitor products of LUX. * To know the impact of those competitor products on the customers of LUX. 1.5 Methodology: 1.5.1 Type of research design: We have applied â€Å"descriptive research† to conduct the report. This includes the method of data collection and the sources of the data or information of the research. 1.5.2 Source of data: 1.5.2.1 Primary data: This type of data collected by doing survey and observes the behavior of the customer. 1.5.2.2 Secondary data: This type of data collected from official web site of LUX, and different articles. 1.5.3 Data collection procedure: We have used data both qualitative and quantitative method .We have collected data for this report in two ways: 1.5.3.1 Primary data: We collected primary data through survey and for doing survey we have prepared a questionnaire on LUX soap. We observe the behavior of customer. 1.5.3.2 Secondary data: In order to collect secondary data we used official website of Unilever Bangladesh, LUX and different articles related with this topic. 1.5.4 Research instruments: 1.5.4.1 Questionnaire: As a tool for collecting primary data a questionnaire was constructed to carry on the sample survey. 1.5.5 Sample plan: 1.5.5.1 Population: The entire customer group of LUX soap. 1.5.5.2 Sample elements: The sample element is the individual customer of LUX soap. 1.5.5.3 Sample frame: No structured sample frame was found. 1.5.5.4 Sample procedure: Non-probability convenience sampling procedure is used in the survey. 1.5.5.5 Sample size: The sample size is 30 customers. 1.6 Limitation: The present study was not out of limitations. Some constraints are given bellow— * The main constraint of the study is inadequate access to information, which has hampered the scope of analysis required for the study. It was unable to provide some formatted documents data for the study. * Due to time limitations, many of the aspects could not be discussed in the present report. * The customers were too busy to provide much time for interview. * The customers couldn’t provide proper information about some aspect due to their lack of knowledge. * Only few areas of Dhaka city have been considered for the study. * Samples were selected conveniently. * The sample size does not represent the total 2. Overview of the Product 3.1 Profile: LUX is a global brand developed by Unilever. The range of products includes beauty soaps, shower gels, bath additives, hair shampoos and conditioners. LUX started as â€Å"Sunlight Flakes† laundry soap in 1899.In 1924, it became the first mass market toilet soap in the world. It is noted as a brand that pioneered female celebrity endorsements. As of 2005, LUX revenue is estimated at â‚ ¬1 billion, with market shares spread out to more than 100 countries across the globe. Today, LUX is the market leader in several countries including Pakistan, Brazil, India, Thailand and South Africa. Developed by Unilever, LUX (soap) is now headquartered in Singapore. LUX launched the world’s first mass market beauty bar, â€Å"made like the costliest French soap†. Since then, LUX has been associated with over 400 of the  world’s most glamorous actresses from Hollywood legends like Elizabeth Taylor, Audrey Hepburn, and Grace Kelly, to Bollywood Royalties such as Aishwarya Rai and Katrina Kaif. Origins and history: The brand was founded by the Lever Brothers (today known as Unilever) in 1899. The name changed from â€Å"Sunlight Flakes† to â€Å"LUX† in 1900, a Latin word for â€Å"light† and suggestive of â€Å"luxury.† LUX toilet soap was launched in the United States in 1925 and in the United Kingdom in 1928. Subsequently, LUX soap has been marketed in several forms, including hand wash, shower gel and cream bath soap. Early beginnings: LUX’s early advertising campaigns aimed to educate users about its credentials as a laundry product and appeared in magazines such as Ladies Home Journal. By the early 1920s, it was a hugely successful brand and in 1924, the Lever Brothers conducted a contest that led them to a very interesting finding: women were using LUX as toilet soap. Building beauty soap credentials: Introduced in the United States in 1924, LUX became the world’s first mass market toilet soap with the tagline â€Å"made as fine as French Soap†. In the first 2 years of launch, LUX concentrated on building its beauty soap credentials. Advertisements offered consumers â€Å"beauty soap made in the French method† at an affordable price, with the promise of smooth skin. Made with fine-texture, rich in fragrance, and manufactured using a method created in France, the first LUX toilet soap was sold for 10 cents apiece. 1928–1940: 9 out of 10 stars: This era saw key launches of LUX in the UK, India, Argentina and Thailand. The brand concentrated on building its association with the increasingly popular movie world, focusing more on movie stars and their roles rather than on the product. In 1929, advertising featured 26 of the biggest female stars of the day, creating a huge impact among the movie-loving target  audience. This was followed by Hollywood Directors talking about the importance of smooth and youthful skin. This pioneered the trend of celebrity product endorsements. The series of print ads had stars talking about preserving youthful skin. LUX also launched campaigns featuring interviews with Stars and Close Ups of Stars, bringing to life the ‘9 out of 10’ idea. 40s & 50s: Romancing the consumer: Using movie star as role models, LUX’s strategy was to build relevance by looking at beauty through the consumer’s eyes. While still retaining the star element, the focus shifted to the consumer and the role of the brand in her life. Advertising commercials showed ordinary looking women with direct references to stars, such as Deanna Durbin. 60s: Romancing the brand: The 60’s saw a shift in advertising to product stories and the romanticizing of brand through its â€Å"sensorial & emotional† dimensions. This was the era of ‘the film star feeling’ and the ‘Golden LUX’, featuring stars such as Sandra Dee, Diana Rigg and Samantha Eggar. The bathing ritual, the ‘fantasy’ element that has been the imagery of LUX was created in this era. The brand also moved forward with launching LUX in the Middle East, entering a more conservative market. 70s: Dimensionalizing beauty: Reflecting the shift in beauty trends in the 70s, the LUX stars stepped down from their pedestals and were portrayed as multi-faceted women with natural, wholesome beauty that the ordinary consumer could relate and aspire to. The executions were more of ‘a day in the life’ of the stars with focus on their ‘natural beauty’. Stars included Brigitte Bardot and Natalie Wood. 80s: Owning the category space: Establishing itself as THE beauty soap for stars and beautiful women, the 80s emphasized the importance of skin care – the first step to beauty. LUX was launched in China at this time. Sophia Loren, Raquel Welch and Cheryl Ladd were some famous celebrities used during this time. In India actresses Hema Malini, Parveen Babi, Madhuri Dixit, endorsed LUX soap. 90s – Early 2000s: Advanced skin benefits: In the 90s, LUX moved from generic beauty benefits to focus on specific benefits and transformation. More emphasis on functionality and variant associations with different skin types as well as mention of ingredients. The communication was far more regional specific and localized, using stars like Malu Mader and Debora Bloch. This period launched product brand extensions Shower Cream and Gels and LUX Super Rich Shampoo in Japan and China. 2000s: Beyond movie stars: In early 2000, the focus shifted from specific skin benefits to a stronger emotional space. The brand provided the link between the aspirational role models and real life with the campaign, ‘LUX’ brings out the star in you’. The benefit was now more than just beauty, it was also about the confidence that comes from beautiful skin. In 2005, LUX encouraged women to celebrate and indulge their femininity with the â€Å"Play with Beauty† philosophy, with stars like Aishwarya Rai. The brand also connected with consumers to take a more ‘active’ stance on beauty. From 2008, building off the brand’s root strengths, focus has shifted to beauty (vs. femininity), appealing to consumers’ fantasies and aspirations. LUX believes that ‘beauty is a female instinct that shouldn’t be denied’ and showcases the pleasure that every woman enjoys from using her beauty, encapsulating that idea in a simple phrase: Declare your beauty. Today, LUX products are manufactured at 71 locations with more than 2000 suppliers and associates providing the raw materials. It has key markets in Pakistan, Brazil, China, Bangladesh and South Africa, and is a market leader in India (for soap bars), Pakistan, Brazil, Saudi Arabia (for soap bars), Bangladesh, Thailand and Vietnam. 3.2 Vision, mission, goals and objectives: LUX began its story in 1924 as the first mass marketed beauty soap. Now sold in over 100 countries, it is the most recognizable soap brand in the world – bringing a combination of fun, pleasure and comforts to women’s beauty routines the world over. Since its start in 1924 as the first mass marketed beauty soap, LUX has made its way to over 100 countries across the globe and  is now the most recognizable soap brand in the world. During this long journey, some of the world’s most talented and beautiful women have become a part of LUX’s history as brand ambassadors. LUX combines exquisite fragrances with the most exotic ingredients to give a truly unique bathing experience. VISION It is the vision of LUX to give women that million dollar feelings every time they use a LUX product, be it one of their fragrant beauty soaps or refreshing body washes. LUX believes beauty doesn’t have to be a chore and brings a combination of fun, pleasure and comfort to women’s beauty routines all over the world. MISSION The mission of LUX is to embrace consumers’ new expectation, to maintain good governance, product quality and long experience of working with communities. Their vitality mission will focus brands on meeting consumer needs arising from the biggest issues around the world today – ageing populations, urbanization, changing diets and lifestyles. They see growing consumer need for: * A healthy lifestyle * More variety, quality, taste and enjoyment * Time, as an increasingly precious commodity * Helping people to feel good, look good and get more out of life will enable us to meet these needs and expand our business. GOALS The goals of LUX are- * To maintain strong science capability. * Ensuring the quality of the raw materials and the ingredients needed to make products. * To manufacture high-standard products. * Promoting products to the highest extent. * Producing large volume to achieve production cost economies. * Enabling quality products to be sold out at obtainable product. * Maintaining healthy relationship with the customers. OBJECTIVES The objectives of LUX are- Always working with integrity: Conducting operations with integrity and with respect for the many people, organizations and environments. Positive impact: LUX aim to make a positive impact in many ways: through the brands, commercial operations and relationships, through voluntary contributions, and through the various other ways in which they engage with society. Continuous commitment: They’re also committed to continuously improving the way they manage the environmental impacts and are working towards the longer-term goal of developing a sustainable business. Setting out our aspirations: Their corporate objective sets out their aspirations in running business. It’s underpinned by the code of Business Principles which describes the operational standards that everyone at Unilever follows, wherever they are in the world. The code also supports their approach to governance and corporate responsibility. Working with others: They want to work with suppliers who have values similar to them and work to the same standards as they do. 3.3 LUX Range: LUX Peach & Cream blends juicy peach and moisturizing cream extracts to give you velvety, soft skin. LUX Fresh Splash is crafted with the icy freshness of cooling mint and the invigorating power of sea minerals to transform your skin from dull to vibrant in an instant. LUX Sandal & Cream uses extracts of alluring sandalwood and a unique consistency of moisturizing cream to give your skin a captivating and mesmerizing glow. LUX Purple Lotus & Cream is infused with fragrant moisturizing and beauty oils, leaving your skin silky smooth. 3.4 SWOT Analysis for LUX: The SWOT analysis for LUX helps identify the internal environment, its strengths and weaknesses as well as the external environment faced by it, and the opportunities and threats that it presents: Strengths: * LUX possesses a very strong network of market research. * LUX has a very wide range of products to offer. * The parent company of LUX has helped in establishing a strong supply and distribution network. Besides, it also has access to the resources of the parent company of Unilever. * LUX possesses a very strong brand image in the market. * The focus of LUX is going strong on beauty segment. * LUX is a dynamic brand and is undergoes changes as per the changes in demand and trend. * The brand has innovative sales promotions tactics that spread across different forms of media – print, electronic and social. * The brand is known to deliver value-for-money in the eyes of the consumers. * It has a broad market presence and mass appeal, being the market leader in so many countries. * As per the BCG matrix, developed by the Boston Consulting Group, LUX can be put into the STAR category for high market growth and high market share. Weaknesses: * LUX lacks a unisex appeal as it has essentially been portrayed as a women’s beauty soap and has a lot of feminine appeal. * The wear rate of the soap is very high. It gets dissolved pretty fast and gets mushy and soggy quickly. * Certain variants of the soap, like the Haute Pink, Sunscreen, etc did not do so well in the market as some of its other variants have. * The stock replenishment in semi-urban areas and rural areas is quite long, despite having such a wide distributor network. This leads to stock out in these areas. * Some of its advertisements have been quite controversial. * It includes too much base which makes the skin dry. Opportunities: * The industry today is growing at a rate of more than 10% per annum. * LUX can yield great benefits by reinforcing itself in the beauty segment. * Promotions strategies like trade fare, price offs, sample distributions, etc are essential with competitors. * The soap is in the maturity stage of its life cycle, so it is essential that a retentive strategy be adopted so that this can be sustained. * Ayurvedic variant of LUX could have a big scope in the market. So far, the only variant of LUX that has somewhat come close to Ayurveda, though not actually is the festive glow variant, which had the goodness of haldi and chandan ubatan. This could cater to a new segment in the market. * LUX Kids Special soap would also help the brand greatly, as this segment has been running dry for quite some time now. In this way, brand loyalty could be caught young. * The brand extension products of LUX – the body washes, with its new range launched recently, is in the growth stage of its life cycle. They can pick up fast pace is positioned and marketed properly. Active marketing of these body washes is going on in the social media. * It can also launch face wash range as it is in great demand to today’s women. Threats: * Number of competitors is rising – ITC, P&G, etc are fast catching up. * High internal competition also exists for the soap like Dove. * LUX seems overly relied on the beauty segment, so in case the consumer trends or preferences change, then LUX stands to be highly vulnerable. * More focus needs to be put on the newer technology. * If constant reinvention is not there, then LUX can slip down from the maturity stage it currently is in and get into a declining phase. 3.5 Marketing Mix of LUX: This chapter describes the way Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. use the tactical marketing tools for marketing LUX in Bangladesh. The chapter comprises of four sections. Section 2.5.1 discusses the product attributes of LUX. Section 2.5.2 visualizes the price of LUX according to different size. Section 2.5.3 conceptualizes the distribution channel of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. This section includes a table that shows the location of the company’s  warehouses all around the country. Finally section 2.5.4 discusses the promotional activities that the company undertakes for LUX. 2.5.1 Product: LUX is an internationally renowned beauty soap brand of Unilever. Though manufactured in Bangladesh for the local market by Unilever Bangladesh Ltd, as an international brand, it maintains an international quality for the product. Formula given by Research and Development departments in foreign countries, LUX is produced in Bangladesh from imported raw materials like sodium soap, glycerol and different extracts according to flavors, coming from Unilever plants situated abroad. LUX is offered in Bangladesh in four different flavors which are: LUX Peach & Cream, LUX Fresh Splash, LUX Sandal and cream and LUX Purple Lotus & Cream. Taking into account the convenience of its customers, the company manufactures all flavors of LUX in three different sizes, 40gm, 80gm and 120gm. 2.5.2 Prize: Though Unilever Bangladesh gives its LUX customers a lot in terms of the product itself, it cannot provide a better pricing. This is due to some constraints in the beauty soap industry. Beauty soap is a product with a vulnerable demand in Bangladesh. A change in price has a high risk of creating price war among the rivals which will eventually cause a loss of profit. Its prices are almost equal to its competitor. Company carries out research on competitors’ price and brand loyalty when it feels extreme necessity of changing price. 2.5.3 Place: Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. has a huge distribution channel for LUX all over the country as its sales reach more than 10 million pieces a year. The company has six huge warehouses, one in each division of Bangladesh, where the product goes after they are manufactured at Kalurghat factory. The company does not use its own fleet of transport for distributing its product. However, it has outsourced its distribution process to various  third party distributors, exclusively dedicated to Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. These distributors then supply the product all over Bangladesh to a huge number of retailers. Even though LUX targets the urban and sub urban middle and upper middle class people they are distributing their products all over Bangladesh because of a recent increase in demand of its product to all segments of the population. 2.5.4 Promotion: Unilever Bangladesh undertakes huge promotional activities to promote LUX which has topped the beauty soap industry of Bangladesh. It spends almost 20% to 25% of its Net Proceeds from Sales (NPC) of LUX for promotional activities for LUX. It’s certain annual promotional campaigns like LUX Channel i Superstar and LUX Channel i Annual Cinema Awards has made the product a part of the glamour world. Since the 1930s, over 400 of the world’s most stunning and sensuous women have been proudly associated with LUX advertisements. They do not only promote LUX in Bangladesh for the beauty conscious females, it also promotes the brand for males and the company proved that, by including world famous male celebrity Shahrukh Khan for their advertising campaign. Unilever Bangladesh Ltd spends a huge amount of money for promoting LUX through TV commercials, newspaper advertisements and billboards. 3. Theoretical Aspect 3.1 Customer satisfaction: Customer satisfaction is a term frequently used in marketing, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. Customer satisfaction is defined as â€Å"the number of customers or percentage of total customers, whose reported experience with a firm, its products, or its services (ratings) exceeds specified satisfaction goals†. In a survey of nearly 200 senior marketing managers, 71 percent responded that they found a customer satisfaction metric very useful in managing and monitoring their businesses. The importance of measuring customer satisfaction is discussed below: * It is seen as a key performance indicator within business and is often part of a Balanced Scorecard. In a competitive marketplace where businesses compete  for customers, customer satisfaction is seen as a key differentiator and increasingly has become a key element of business strategy. * Within organizations, customer satisfaction ratings can have powerful effects. They focus employees on the importance of fulfilling customers’ expectations. Furthermore, when these ratings dip, they warn of problems that can affect sales and profitability. These metrics quantify an important dynamic. When a brand has loyal customers, it gains positive word-of-mouth marketing, which is both free and highly effective. Therefore, it is essential for businesses to effectively manage customer satisfaction. To be able do this, firms need reliable and representative measures of satisfaction. * In researching satisfaction, firms generally ask customers whether their product or service has met or exceeded expectations. Thus, expectations are a key factor behind satisfaction. When customers have high expectations and the reality falls short, they will be disappointed and will likely rate their experience as less than satisfying. For this reason, a luxury resort, for example, might receive a lower satisfaction rating than a budget motel—even though its facilities and service would be deemed superior in ‘absolute’ terms. * Customer satisfaction provides a leading indicator of consumer purchase intentions and loyalty. Customer satisfaction data are among the most frequently collected indicators of market perceptions. * Within organizations, the collection, analysis and dissemination of these data send a message about the importance of tending to customers and ensuring that they have a positive experience with the company’s goods and services. * Although sales or market share can indicate how well a firm is performing currently, satisfaction is perhaps the best indicator of how likely it is that the firm’s customers will make further purchases in the future. Much research has focused on the relationship between customer satisfaction and retention. Different processes to measure Customer satisfaction are given below: 1. Theoretical Ground: In literature antecedents of satisfaction are studied from different aspects. The considerations extend from psychological to physical and from normative to positive aspects. However, in most of the cases the consideration is  focused on two basic constructs as customers’ expectations prior to purchase or use of a product and his relative perception of the performance of that product after using it. Expectations of a customer on a product tell us his anticipated performance for that product. As it is suggested in the literature consumers may have various â€Å"types† of expectations when forming opinions about a product’s anticipated performance. 2. The Disconfirmation Model: The Disconfirmation Model is based on the comparison of customers’ expectations and their perceived performance ratings. Specifically, an individual’s expectations are confirmed when a product performs as expected. It is negatively confirmed when a product performs more poorly than expected. The disconfirmation is positive when a product performs over the expectations. There are four constructs to describe the traditional disconfirmation paradigm mentioned as expectations, performance, disconfirmation and satisfaction. The usual measures of customer satisfaction involve a survey with a set of statements using a Likert Technique or scale. The customer is asked to evaluate each statement and in term of their perception and expectation of performance of the organization being measured. Their satisfaction is generally measured on a five-point scale. Customer satisfaction data can also be collected on a 10-point scale. Regardless of the scale used, the objective is to measure customers’ perceived satisfaction with their experience of a firm’s offerings. Good quality measures need to have high satisfaction loadings, good reliability, and low error variances. 3.2 Marketing mix: The marketing mix is a business tool used in marketing and by marketing professionals. The marketing mix is often crucial when determining a product or brand’s offering, and is often synonymous with the four Ps: price, product, promotion, and place; in service marketing, however, the four Ps have been expanded to the Seven Ps or eight Ps to address the  different nature of services. In recent times, the concept of four Cs has been introduced as a more customer-driven replacement of four Ps. And there are two four Cs theories today. One is Lauterborn’s four Cs (consumer, cost, communication, convenience), another is Shimizu’s four Cs (commodity, cost, communication, channel). ————————————————- 3.2.1 Producer-oriented model The marketer E. Jerome McCarthy proposed a four Ps classification in 1960, which has since been used by marketers throughout the world. Classification| Category| Definition| Product| A product is seen as an item that satisfies what a consumer demand. It is a tangible good or an intangible service. For example good will for intangible. Tangible products are those that have an independent physical existence. Typical examples of mass-produced, tangible objects are the motor car and the disposable razor. A less obvious but ubiquitous mass-produced service is a computer operating system. Every product is subject to a life-cycle including a growth phase followed by a maturity phase and finally an eventual period of decline as sales falls. Marketers must do careful research on how long the life cycle of the product they are marketing is likely to be and focus their attention on different challenges that arise as the product move.The marketer must also consider the product mix. Marketers can expand the current product mix by increasing a certain product line’s depth or by increasing the number of product lines. Marketers should consider how to position the product, how to exploit the brand, how to exploit the company’s resources and how to configure the product mix so that each product complements the other. The marketer must also consider product development strategies. | Price| The amount a customer pays for the product. The price is very important as it determines the company’s profit and hence, survival. Adjusting the price has a profound impact on the marketing strategy, and depending on the price elasticity of the product, often it will affect the demand and sales as well. The marketer should set a price that complements the other elements of the marketing mix. When setting a price, the marketer must be aware of the customer perceived value for the  product. Three basic pricing strategies are: market skimming pricing, market penetration pricing and neutral pricing. The ‘reference value’ (where the consumer refers to the prices of competing products) and the ‘differential value’ (the consumer’s view of this product’s attributes versus the attributes of other products) must be taken into account. | Promotion| All of the methods of communication that a marketer may use to provide information to different parties about the product. Promotion comprises elements such as: advertising, public relations, personal selling and sales promotion. Advertising covers any communication that is paid for, from cinema commercials, radio and Internet advertisements through print media and billboards. Public relations is where the communication is not directly paid for and includes press releases, sponsorship deals, exhibitions, conferences, seminars or trade fairs and events. Word-of-mouth is any apparently informal communication about the product by ordinary individuals, satisfied customers or people specifically engaged to create word of mouth momentum. Sales staff often plays an important role in word of mouth and public relations (see ‘product’ above). | Place| Refers to providing the product at a place which is convenient for consumers to access. Various strategies such as intensive distribution, selective distribution, exclusive distribution and franchising can be used by the marketer to complement the other aspects of the marketing mix. | ————————————————- ————————————————- 3.2.2 Consumer-oriented model Robert F. Lauterborn proposed a four Cs classification in 1993 which is a more consumer-oriented version of the four Ps that attempts to better fit the movement from mass marketing to niche marketing: â€Å"P† category| â€Å"C† category| â€Å"C† definition| Product| Consumer solution| Represents the actual product which meets up the consumer needs and wants.| Price| Cost| Reflecting the total cost of ownership. Many factors affect Cost, including but not limited to the customer’s cost to change or implement the new product or service and the customer’s cost for not selecting a competitor’s product or service.| Promotion| Communication| Represents a broader focus. Communications can include advertising, public relations, personal selling, viral advertising, and any form of communication between the organization and the consumer.| Distribution(Place)| Convenience| With the rise of Internet and hybrid models of purchasing, Place is becoming less relevant. Convenience takes into account the ease of buying the product, finding the product, finding information about the product, and several other factors.| 4. Analysis & Findings We have conducted our survey on â€Å"Customer Satisfaction about the Marketing mix of LUX soap†. We have design our sample with 30 respondents. Respondent Sample: Among 30 people, 25 were female and 5 people were male. Among 25 Female most respondents were students of Masters, Bachelors and colleges, some respondents were housewives (4 people). In case of Male respondents all were the students. Total Respondents| 30| Female Respondents| 25| Male Respondents| 5| Figure 1: Types of respondents Age of Respondents: We divided respondent’s age into four categories. The categories are 15-20 years, 21-30 years, 31-40 years and 41-50 years. Among 30 respondents 3 respondent’s age were in between of 15 to 20 years, one respondent was from the age category 41-50 years, 3 respondents were from 31-40 years and the others (23 respondents) were in between of 21 to 30 years. Age| No of Participants| Between 15 to 20| 3| Between 21 to 30| 23| Between 31 to 40| 3| Between 41 to 50| 1| Figure 2: Age of respondents 1. Are you Happy with this Brand? Options| No of Respondents| Yes| 29| No| 1| Figure 3: Level of satisfaction of respondents with the brand When we asked about this question, 29 people agree that they are happy with this Brand LUX. Only one person seems to be unhappy. Her only reason for disappointment was, in her opinion this soap should contain extra moisture. From the above graph it is seen that 97% people are happy with this brand and 3% is unhappy. 2. Which features do you like most? Options| No. Of respondents| Color| 5| Shape| 2| Price| 0| Fragrance| 23| Others| 0| Figure 4: Level of preferred feature of the soap by the respondents We have observed that 17% of people like the different color of LUX soap.7% people like the shape of LUX and among 30 people 23 people or 76% agree that among all the features, the fragrance of LUX soap is the best feature of LUX. 3. Do you like to add any other aroma? Options| No of Respondents| Neem| 7| Lemon| 3| Orange| 4| Strawberry| 6| Rose| 10| others| 0| Figure 5: Level of suggested new aroma to the soap by the respondents When we are conducting the survey, we observed that every people want to add other aromas like Rose, Neem, Strawberry, orange in LUX soap. It is seen that 34% people want the aroma of Rose, 23% like to add Neem, 20% want the fragrance of Strawberry, 13% orange and 10% want Lemon aroma in LUX soap. 4. According to quality, which brand is the strong Competitor of LUX? Options| No of Respondents| Dove| 20| Sandalina| 8| Tibet| 0| Meril| 0| Dettol| 2| Others| 0| Figure 6: Level of competitors of LUX According to quality, 67% respondents think that â€Å"Dove† is the strong competitor of LUX. Other 27% person thinks â€Å"Sandalina† as the strong competitor. Rest 6% feels â€Å"Dettol† is strong competitor of LUX. We have put Tibet and Meril as other options but no one thinks these are the strong competitor of LUX brand. Respondents also mentioned that â€Å"Dove† is very much expensive but in terms of quality this soap is excellent. On other hand the quality of â€Å"Sandalina† is good enough and less expensive. On other hand, â€Å"Dettol† is specially known as the bar soap which fights against the wide range of germs. 5. Are you satisfied with the quality of this soap? Options| No of respondents| Yes| 18| No| 12| Figure 7: Level of satisfaction with the quality of the soap by the respondents From the survey we get that, 60% of the respondents are satisfied with the quality of LUX soap. Remaining 40% are not satisfied. When we asked about the dissatisfaction of the participants, they show the cause of higher amount of alkali in the soap which makes the skin rough enough. 6. For how long you have been using LUX? Options| No of Respondents| Below 2 Years| 5| Between 5 to 10 years| 25| Over 10 years| 0| Figure 8: Level of time period of using LUX by the respondents During the time of survey we noticed that 83% of the people are using LUX for more than 5 to 10 years, rest amount of participants which means 17% are using LUX below than 2 years. 7. Which type of fragrance you have used in LUX? Options| No of respondents| Peach and cream| 3| Fresh splash| 7| Sandal and Cream| 12| Purple Lotus and cream| 8| Figure 9: Level of used fragrance of the soap by the respondents When we are conducting our survey, we find that 10 % people use peach and cream, 23% people use fresh splash, 40% use sandal and cream and 27% use purple lotus and cream. During the time to discussion with participants we noticed that people have used almost every fragrances of LUX time to time, finally they chose their favorite one and most of the people like sandal and cream because they feel that this fragrance may keep their skin more natural and healthy. 8. Which size of LUX soap you use? Options| No of respondents| Small| 0| Medium| 25| Large| 5| Figure 10: Level of size of the soap used by the respondents From the survey we found that 17% of the respondents use large size of the soap whether 83% of the respondents use medium size of the soap. When discussing the size of LUX being used by the people, many respondents told that not for regular use but during journey they use small size of LUX because it is easy to carry. 9. In your opinion which type of skin care you get from this soap? Options| No of respondents| Clean| 1| Glow| 0| Soft| 0| Perfumed| 29| All| 0| Figure 11: Level of skin care derived from LUX by the respondents 3% respondents said that in their opinion LUX soap keeps their skin clean and according to 97% people, LUX keeps the skin perfumed. Here we can see most of the people think that the perfume of LUX is the most popular skin care they have got from the soap. 10. Do you think LUX should introduce more products? Options| No of Respondents| Yes| 8| No| 22| Figure 12: Level of need for introducing new products of LUX of the respondents Here 27% people thinks that LUX should introduce more products like LUX face wash, LUX body powder because of its unique fragrance and rest of the people, 73% thinks that there is no need to introduce more products of LUX. 11. From which source you have got information about LUX soap? Options| No of respondents| TV advertisement| 14| Newspaper| 4| Promotional Events| 2| Bill board| 10| Friends and relatives| 0| Figure 13: Level of sources of information about LUX 47% people have got information about LUX soap via TV advertisement, 13% people got information by Newspaper, 7% people know about LUX from promotional events and remaining 33% got information by the huge billboards of LUX advertisement. 12. What do you think about the promotional activities of LUX? Options| No of respondents| Perfect| 8| Sufficient| 22| Not enough| 0| Figure 14: Level of opinions about promotional activities of LUX From the survey we found that 73% agree that the promotional activity of LUX is sufficient, they think LUX don’t need to give extra focus on their promotion activities and 27 % people voted that the promotional activity of LUX is perfect. 13. Do you think the price of LUX is affordable? Options| No of Respondents| Yes| 20| No| 10| Figure 15: Level of satisfaction about the price of LUX by the respondents 67% respondents think that the price of LUX is affordable and remaining 33% think that the price of LUX should be reduced. 14. Are you satisfied with the availability of this soap? Options| No of Respondents| Yes| 29| No| 1| Figure 16: Level of satisfaction about the availability of LUX by the respondents Almost all the respondents agree that the availability of LUX is up to the satisfaction level and only one respondent disagree with the availability of LUX. 15. Your overall satisfaction about using LUX†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Options| No of respondents| Strongly satisfied| 2| Satisfied| 26| Less Satisfied| 2| Not Satisfied| 0| Figure 17: Level of overall satisfaction about the performance of LUX by the respondents The customer is asked to evaluate each statement and in term of their perception and expectation of performance of LUX. 87% people are satisfied with the overall performance of LUX, 7% people are strongly satisfied with this brand and 6% agree that they are less satisfied with the performance of this soap. The less satisfied respondents give cause about their less satisfaction is the proportion of Alkali in the soap makes skin rough and LUX should reduce their price as it is used by every level of classes. 5. Major Findings 1. They are more focused about their Promotional activities. 2. The proportion of Alkali is too much high and makes skin rough. 3. They are not so focused about the quality improvement. 4. Most of the people uses LUX because of its unique fragrance no one uses LUX for skin care. 5. Dove is the strongest internal competitor of LUX and Sandelina is the external strongest competitor in Bangladesh. 6. Some people expect that LUX will introduce more products of LUX like Face wash and body powder. 7. As every class of people use LUX, respondents think that the price of LUX should be reduced. 8. Sandal and Cream is the most used fragrance of LUX in Bangladesh. 9. Most people get information about LUX from TV advertisement. 10. People are satisfied with size of LUX Soap. 6. Conclusion LUX has been operates its business for many years in Bangladesh where each and every person knows brand quality and different product of it and consumers are also aware about the different strategies which are used to  attract more consumers to buy the product but still it has lacking to survive in the market. From the above analysis it’s been conclude that Bangladesh Unilever Limited facing competition from the other companies. Thus to keep its market share for the growth in their business it should focus on quality management and improvement to achieve its objective. However LUX soap should penetrate the market in order to survive in this competitive world and also introduce some new product with the reasonable range in order to increase its sale and which will have greater impact on their sale. However marketing activity should also be consider throughout which will result in gaining competitive advantage from its competitors. 7. Recommendation * Most of the respondents suggested that they would like to see more Fragrance of LUX Soap. * In order to increase more sales LUX should concentrate on appropriate reduction of cost which will directly lead to gain leadership in price. * By hiring famous stars LUX is investing huge amount to promote their products. Our suggestion will be now LUX should discontinue spending huge amount in promotional activities. * LUX Will also have to do product development for the product line extension. * As this soap makes skin rough enough; we think LUX should invest more to improve the quality of LUX soap rather than promotional activities. Or else it can lose its market at any time because there are many strong competitors in soap market. * LUX can introduce more products like- Face Wash; Body Powder etc as this product cover a huge and different market segment. 8. Bibliography www.google.com.bd www.unilever.com.bd www.unilever.com/brands-in-action www.lux.com www.hul.co.in www.luxnaturals.com en.wikipedia.org 9. Appendix Questionnaire A study on â€Å"Customer satisfaction about marketing mix of LUX Soap† Respondent Name: Age: Occupation Work Place: Income: around †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1. Are you happy with this Brand? a) Yes b) No If No please specify †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. Which features do you like most? a) Color b) Shape c) Price d) Fragrance e) Others (please Specify) 3. Do you like to add any other aroma? a) Neem b) Lemon c) Orange d) Strawberry e) Rose f) Others (please Specify) 4. Which brand is the strong competitor of LUX (In your opinion)? a) Dove b) Sandelina c) Meril d) Tibet e) Dettol f) Others (please Specify) 5. Are you satisfied with the quality of this Soap? a) Yes b) No (explain†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.) 6. For how long you have been using LUX? a. Below 2 year b. Between 5 to 10 year c. Over 10 year 7. Which type of fragrance you have used in LUX? a. Peach and Cream b. Fresh Splash c. Sandal & Cream d. Purple Lotus & Cream 8. Which size of LUX soap you use? a) Large b) Medium c) Small 9. In your opinion which type of skin care you get from this soap? a) Clean b) Glow c) Soft d) Perfumed e) All 10. Do you think LUX should introduce more products? a) Yes (please specify†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..) b) No 11. From which source you have got information about LUX soap? a) TV advertisement b) Newspaper c) Promotional events d) Billboards e) Friends and relatives 12. What do you think these promotional activities of LUX? a) Perfect b) Sufficient c) Not enough 13. Do you think the price of LUX is affordable? a) Yes b) No 14. Are you satisfied with the availability of this soap? a) Yes b) No 15. Your overall satisfaction about using LUX †¦. a) Strongly satisfied b) Satisfied c) Less satisfied d) Not satisfied

Poetry Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Poetry Paper - Essay Example He sees both the roads and looks at them until the vision of his eye permits him to do so. The second stanza of the poem begins with the explanation of the poet for both the roads. He presents that both the roads do not hold much differences. The only difference in the two paths is that one of the roads seems to be less used and less travelled. He chooses this path for himself. In the third stanza of the poem, Frost restates his point that both the paths were almost the same and he thinks that he would come back to walk on the other path some other time. He then states that deep down he knows the fact that he will not get a chance to come back and walk on the other road. In the last stanza of the poem, Frost presents that after the passage of many years he will share his experience with other people and explain to them that he had a choice to opt between one of the two paths in the woods. He concludes his poem by saying that he will explain to the people the reason for his choice. Th e poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost has an important underlying theme and is not merely about the decision of Frost of opting for a path in the forest. The poem explains the characteristics of human nature and presents an important point that comes in the life of every human being which is the point of taking a decision. This is an occurrence which takes place in the life of every individual when a person has to opt for a decision. The two paths in the poem signify the point in a person’s life when he has two different options but he has to opt for only one. The analysis of Frost of the two roads in the woods explains human nature when every person analyzes the different options that are available to him so that he can choose what is best for him. The thinking of Robert Frost that he will come back to walk on the other road when he is well aware that he will never be able to do so also highlights an important aspect of the human beings. It explains the hap pening of the life of every individual as after a person makes a choice regarding his life; it is not possible for him to go back to that point and opt for another option that was available for him then. This is because one option that a person chooses leads towards many other happenings and it is not possible to go back to the first point and start from the scratch again. The poem also puts forward another very important aspect of the nature of human beings which is dissatisfaction. A human being does not get satisfied with what he gets and he always tends to think that had he opted for another choice for himself, he might have been in a better position. This ambiguity is presented in the poem when Frost also wills to walk on the other path but he knows that it will not be possible. Thus the poem carries important themes and messages. Works Cited Top of Form Frost, Robert.  The Road Not Taken, Birches, and Other Poems. Claremont, Calif: Claremont Canyon Press, 2010. Print. Bottom of

Popular American Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Popular American Culture - Essay Example Other significant influences came from different parts of Europe. Countries from which large numbers of people immigrated these include Ireland, Germany, Poland, and Italy. American culture holds a significant pressure on the cultures of its neighbors in the World. The cultural divisions in United States depend on a number of factors such as social class, political orientation, ancestral traditions, sex and sexual orientation. Well every country’s culture plays an important part in the decision making of the people who live in that country or belong to that country. For example while I make any decisions the first aspect would be to keep in mind the benefits of my country and to respect the norms and believes of my culture, every other aspect would be secondary to that. The United States is a country that has evolved its culture by a mixture of several cultures hence the popular culture keeps changing. For example looking at the music industry of United States, for a long time pop music was very famous and continued to be a trend but right now Rap has taken its place. People prefer to listen to artists like Akon, Eminem and 50 cents on the other hand Rock music will always live, it’s like an evergreen trend. Hollywood has become a famous place not only in United States but also all over the world and the movies launched and made their have become a popular trend in the United States. Comics have also become a trend in the United States comics having super heroes have had a major impact on the people.

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Employment Law - Essay Example For years the clothing industry had been trying to build a union for employees in the industry. Now that the company was going public and Clark’s company had 100 employees, the representatives from the union approached Ms. Clark to seek permission to contact the company employees. While this was not really necessary, they did it out of respect for Ms. Clark. When Ms. Clark was summoned by her CEO and the board of directors, she meticulously related the law’s stand on the matter of unions and their rights to contact employees. Unions and collective bargaining agreements rightly cite that any statement or any policy which creates any form of inference of barring a worker or even a union representative from being part of a labor union is illegal under law. Therefore, Ms. Clark can press charges on her employers for trying to blackmail her into ceding to their demands and whims of stopping workers from joining the labor union. Under law, cited by the yellow dog contract, workers must refrain from agreements by employers that require them to make pacts not to join unions in the future or in order to retain their employments. Such pacts or agreements are illegal. As a matter of fact they have been illegal since 1932. The retirement package that was presented to Ms. Was not complete as required by law. The package did not extend the normal retirement benefits and did not extend insurance coverage, or even pay her social security as required until the age of 59. Additionally, the package did not even offer her buy-out-funds. The retirement package presented by the company reeks of age discrimination on Ms. Clark. She fits the age bracket which is above 40 years. The Age Discrimination Act protects from such dismissal as that of Ms. Clark because the reason she was dismissed is not clear. She does her work well but when she decides to grant access to the union representatives she is dismissed for refusing to accept a flawed retirement package. Under this

See the attachments>> Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Youth Unemployment as a Social Economic Challenge - Essay Example This discussion highlights that the number of unemployed individuals increased to 4.5 million in March from 4.41 million in the previous month. A year earlier, 2013 the figure was 4.02 million. While nominal wages rose 6.1 percent year-on-year to an average RUB 33205 (8.1 percent in February), real pay fell 9.3 percent after dropping by 7.4 percent in the previous month. Real disposable income shrank 1.8 percent (-1.6 percent in February). As the discussion outlines a number of factors are responsible for increasing the situation of unemployment in Russia. The first reason is the shortage of raw materials such as the supply of coal, timber or oil fails, and the factories have to stand idle, waiting until the necessary fuel arrives. The shortage of this materials delayed factories to function. The second reason is financial difficulties where there are a rigid economy campaigns. Many factories have had large deficits. The cost at which these factories operate is very high. This forced the directors to apply methods that will force them to economize. The third reason is food shortage where every factory is forced to feed their employees thus forces the factory to employ workers that they can feed. The fourth reason is the increase in the use of machines replacing the use of manual labor forcing people to lose their jobs. The unemployment factor has led to political issues where there is loss trust in the administration a nd the government. These factors may lead to political instability, increase employment gaps as many individuals continue to be jobless after finishing school. In addition, the standard of living where the completion of jobs and the negotiation power of individuals also decrease and their living standards and salaries reduce thus affecting the overall economy of the country.

Cultural Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Cultural Diversity - Essay Example The choice of this article is based on the interest in the more or less resilient Hispanic culture as represented even in the culturally dynamic developed countries. Hispanic culture remains stiff in terms of retention of traditional values and is represented in many countries of the world. Hispanic culture is in totality a reflection of Spain, Latin America and most countries in the Central America let alone being represented in large numbers in the US, European countries, some parts of Spain colonies in Africa and in Far East (Luna, 2003, p331). The article covers an emerging Hispanic folk healing as a nursing care approach where bilingual nurses integrate a cultural health care practice, curanderismo (meaning Hispanic folk healing), into modern nursing care, a move that has seen better health outcomes being realized in the US for the minority Hispanic group. Article Summary Luna’s article (2003) is an outsider’s eye on the Hispanic folk healing as a meaningful approa ch to health care in today’s times among the minority Hispanic groups living in the US. It introduces curanderismo as a renowned survival tactic in health care in history as old as 15th century. In the article, Luna (2003, p329) justifies cultural health interventions by linking them to the survival of humankind through medieval ages before modern biomedical models came to be. Today, the success of curanderismo in nursing is no longer thought of as magical as most people used to believe but an approach that has proven curative values (Luna, 2003, p333). The article primarily focuses on, other than just plain justification, real benefits of especially the use of curanderismo among other culturally and/or traditionally inclined medical care approaches. First is the regional benefit for the user. Using locally available plants and herbs, curanderismo is only traditional knowledge required for one to heal. With such a mechanism language between the caregiver or the nurse and the patient is no longer a barrier. Second benefit in line is the little economic input required. The nurse-curanderas (Hispanic folk healers or nurses) use plants and herbs, in a similar way the Asians do, and therefore capital resources required are basically cheap and locally available – and thus low-cost services. Compared to today’s escalating costs in modern physicians and health care delivery systems, a blending with the low-cost curanderismo reduces health care costs for the American minority groups with Hispanic origin. Therefore, in a way, curanderismo is a socio-economically friendly approach in this context, especially in US where the health insurance system has failed. The nurse-curanderas, in addition, have learned to use two languages – American English and Hispanic. Luna (2003) refers to these nurses and bilingual nurse-curanderas, who in their capacity as nurses are particularly effective in giving necessary care even to aboriginal Hispanics who may be completely locked to Hispanic language and culture. While some groups somehow distrust modern health services, curanderismo and the likes provide additional alternatives (Luna, 2003, p330). Interpreting Luna’s Article into real life practice In modern world, health care, like most other industries, faces difficult controversial issue of diversity of cultures (Sagar, 2011, p13). Due to globalization, modern health facilities are flocked with patients of different cultural

What can neorealism explain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

What can neorealism explain - Essay Example This concept is therefore based upon the notion of competitive self-interest for the nations where the concerns for security and individual interests are superior to any other ideology. Classical realism outlines that it is the essential and basic nature of the man and the states to put the self-interest above any ideology therefore it is dominated by the will to dominate and gain power. This is considered as necessary in order to maintain the status where a state remains in same position to always safeguard its interests. Neorealism though is driven by the classical realism but goes one stage above that and put more priority on the international system as a whole. The international system therefore is considered as the structure above the states and the individuals are considered as agents below the stage. The neorealism therefore does not view the human nature as essential but maintains that international structure actually works as a constraint over the motivations and interests o f the agents. This paper will therefore comprehensively discuss and explain as to what neorealism actually is and how it can be viewed within the perspective of international politics and relations. Classical Realism Classical realism is often associated with what is called power politics because both the terms outline priority of the national interests over moral obligations of a State. As such any considerations for moral obligations, social reconstruction as well as ideology does not hold any preference over the national interest. Based on the economic concept of competitive self-interest, classical realism advocates that it is the basic human nature and that of state that they pursue their self-interest first. This nature therefore forces states and the man to remain in dominating position and creates the drive for the power. One of the key assumptions of the classical realism is fundamentally based upon the notion that there is no actor above the states therefore the relationsh ips between the states cannot be controlled by a higher authority. As such each state therefore moves in a direction which suits its national interests and without any coercive influence of other states or actors. (Donnelly, 2000)Â   It is however, important to understand that the overall relationships between the states are dominated by the military and economic powers of each state. The extent of power of each state therefore is mainly dominated by the way each state holds the economic as well as military power without having any reference to the moral obligations. It is therefore maintained that the maintaining moral obligations unnecessarily put commitments on the States which may be undesirable for the relationships between states in longer term. Neorealism Neorealism is a relatively different concept than the classical realism as it views layers above the states which may be in dominating position. While departing from the realism’s basic postulate of human nature, neo realism sees States facing structural constraints which can actually limit their strategies as well as motivations. Neorealism is also different from classical realism due to the assumption that the international politics can be considered as a defined and precised structure. This view was not held by the classical realists who view the international politics based upon the individual behaviors of the States at the international level. The focus on the system level thinking therefore has allowed theorists of neorealism to avoid from making any assumptions about the human nature, power and self-interests as well as the moral obligations. It was because of this reason that the Neorealists were able to see

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 10

Business Ethics - Essay Example Ethical and social responsibilities require companies to have a sense of responsibility to the environment in which it operates through participating in programs that are aimed at improving the wellbeing of the community. Over the past years, Apple Corporation has not been performing well as far as corporate social responsibility is concerned. Its workers working in the China based factories have been reported on several occasions as going through harsh working conditions. These poor working conditions involved extremely low wages, forced overtimes with no corresponding remunerations and other unfavorable treatments. Recently the organization has been linked with child labor after Foxconn, which is a major supplier of Apple admitted of being involved in child labor. In its Yantai assembling facility in Shandong province of China student interns who were as young as fourteen years were required to work forcefully at a certain amount of fee. Its environmental practices have not been fr iendly as evidenced by the many criticisms it has been receiving. The company has been accused severally of consuming a considerable percentage of global electricity, which has raised questions on the commitment of the firm to using alternative means that do not cause a lot of pollution to the environment (Icke, 2013). Currently Apple seems to be heading on the right direction in corporate social responsibility especially after Tim Cook became the CEO. He has displayed having a vision of being socially responsible, which previously lacked in the management since Steve Jobs was only concerned with equipping the society with the best technology. He therefore never took keen interest on public grants to charity organizations and other programs that are aimed at improving the well-being of the society. Cook after assuming office introduced a charity program that is similar to the ones embraced by majority of the successful large multinationals. The program involved a dollar-to-dollar

Equilty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Equilty - Essay Example There are many issues that are involved in the way citizens are expected to pay their taxes, which cannot be generalized to bring an agreement. Different levels of income are an example that contributes to these disagreements. The high income earners will not be expected to pay the same tax as the low income earners. This is what economists refer to as the ability to pay principle (Blum and Kalvern 2011). This principle argues that one should pay tax according to his power to pay. People who have high income are able to pay; hence they are supposed to pay more tax. This shows that large amounts of taxes will come from rich people. The benefit principle is another system that governments use to get taxes from the citizens (Blum and Kalvern 2011). Everyone who benefits from the outcomes of taxes is supposed to pay it accordingly. This signifies that there will be no balance in paying the taxes among the citizens since, different people gains differently from the functions of the tax es. People in towns will pay more than those in rural areas who get less access to the outcomes of the taxes paid. Conclusion However, equity goes hand in hand with fairness. The two concepts mentioned above may both bring disagreements, but an agreement may some how be reached if the benefit principle is enforced. Blum and Kalvern (2011), consumers will always want to maximize their utility and minimize the cost. Therefore, people from every part of the country will feel the worth of the payments they make hence no

Importance of Family Essay Example for Free

Importance of Family Essay THE FAMILY AS THE BASIC UNIT OF SOCIETY The family unit – principally a man and a woman living together in harmony and peace – is and always will be the basic social organization or unit of any society. This relationship alone provides stability in a sexual, emotional, intellectual and social way as no other can. This statement may seem prejudiced or biased against other forms of social organization, but it has proven true over hundreds and even thousands of years. Other forms of societal organization include most people remaining single or unattached, homosexuality, or various forms of collective living arrangements that are called free love societies, communes, kibbutz living in some cases, and others. To the best of my knowledge, none of these have worked out on a large scale nearly as well as what is called a monogamous man-woman relationship in terms of stability and happiness for the couple, and for the society as a whole. When the families are strong, society is strong, as a rule. When families are weak, societies begin to break down. This is the important concept of this article. EXACTLY WHAT IS MEANT BY A FAMILY? A family is a unit of two dedicated to healing, even if they do not enunciate it or even understand it fully. It means two who are happy to be together, who want to be together, and who deeply love one another, even though it can just be friends, for example, or a parent and a child. This is what is meant by a family in this article. Stated differently, the definition of family is two living in a close personal relationship. Close relationships most often exist between family members, but not always by any means. Couples may live together for years and not be that close, for example. In fact, close relationships often develop among friends of either sex, work colleagues, and perhaps in other situations such as members of a sports team who work and play together constantly, for example. This is important to understand. They don’t even need to live in the same town or know each other personally, as long as they love each other enough. Also, those living under the same roof must be in a close relationship. Just because two are roommates, for example, or even sexual partners living together, married, church-going, or just â€Å"shacking up†, as they call it, does not mean they are a family because they must be in a close, loving relationship with each other. One in relationship with the other, if it is not returned, is not good enough. They both must feel the same way about each other, and this is the key. The rest of this article deals with various topics related to those living in families, or in close relationships, as explained in the preceding paragraphs. HEALING WITHIN FAMILIES – EMPATHIC BLENDING IN FAMILIES An interesting phenomenon that can be used for healing, but which can also have negative effects, is called empathic blending. It occurs in all close relationships, including, of course, within many families. It is a slight blending of the aura or energy fields of individuals who live together or even those who just work together or recreate together. However, it is much stronger in those who are in intimate relationships and having sex together. This interesting phenomenon has been known for thousands of years, but is rarely discussed. It can help bind a family or relationship together and help heal all members of a family. Unfortunately, it sometimes also causes problems in families if the man and woman are not that compatible. What  this means is that at times, two in a relationship have issues that do not blend well. Each can bring out the worst aspects of another, for example, instead of the best. For more on this topic, read Empathic Blending on this website. MALE-FEMALE BLENDING IN FAMILIES This is a subset or type of empathic blending that occurs only between members of the opposite sex. It does not occur in homosexual relationships, and it is one reason these relationships are always inferior to a good man-woman relationship. Two of the same sex may blend empathically, and often do. But only a man and a woman can blend in a very special way. For the same reason, it will not occur in members of an all-male or all-female sports team, work team, etc. This type of blending is similar to other empathic blending, but much stronger and much more able to cause healing in both parties. It is a powerful advantage to having friends of the opposite sex, a wife or husband, and even having children, at times. Children and parents. Interestingly, this type of blending can be done between a male parent and a female child, and conversely, between a female parent and a male child. It can even occur between siblings of the opposite sex, too, although this is not nearly as common. To read more about this very exciting method of healing, read Male-Female Blending on this website. OTHER TYPES OF UNUSUAL HEALING IN FAMILIES AND IN OTHER CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS A phenomenon we observe within families, and within all close relationships, is that when one person begins to heal, particularly a parent, often the partner and the children also experience a degree of healing. This occurs even when the others are not following a nutritional balancing program at all. I call it healing by osmosis, because I don’t know what else to name it. This phenomenon may be due to empathic blending, described in a paragraph above. However, it may be also be due to other factors, such as less stress in the home, better food in the home, more of a healing atmosphere in the home, or something else. In addition to these reasons, other reasons help explain unusual healing in those who in close relationships such as in families. For example, as one heals, he or she serves as an example to the other and perhaps as an inspiration to the other. As one heals, the body becomes more capable of love, and this felt by the other As one heals, some nutrients are actually transferred to the other in sexual fluids, for example, or in saliva in kissing. This may sound odd, but these are factors in healing within families or close relationships only. THE TRADITIONAL FAMILY UNDER ATTACK EVERYWHERE For the past 100 years of so, the family unit in America and Europe, in particular, has been under constant attack. The attack has been coming from work outside of the home, two parents having to work, the school system that takes away authority of parents, and a much more intrusive government that also takes away the rights and powers of parents to control their children and even their homes. Unemployment is very hard on families, and there is plenty of that in Europe, particularly. Pressure from Anti-Christian groups such as gay rights advocates and even some women’s advocate groups has also forced the passage of laws that discourage marriage. The growth of the welfare system is another anti-family factor. These systems often contain incentives to have children out of wedlock, for example, in order to collect more money from the government. Asia has much less of these pressures, but they are growing on a daily basis. Communism, for example, practiced still today in Russia, China, and other large nations, has a devastating effect on the family. Also, Asia has other problems, such as a traditional hierarchical male-dominated culture that may  seem to support the family, but really is very hard on women, and impedes the development of deep love between men and women among the population. Other nations, such as those in the Middle East, insist on rules and regulations that are so rigid and strict that they may hold society together, but they stop love from developing because the roles of man and wife are too rigidly defined. The Muslim world has some serious family problems. Here the family unit is strong, but in some homes the male dominates and the women are treated so badly that they cannot love their husbands and children correctly. I hope someday soon this will stop. Some of the best family units are found among the Jewish families and some of the Asian cultures, such as the Chinese and Koreans. Even here, however, divorce rates are rising and the traditional family is under attack. THE NEED TO RESTORE THE INTEGRITY OF THE FAMILY The above leads us to the need to clarify, correct and realize the importance of the traditional family unit and restore it legally, culturally, socially, and in every other way as well. This is also a goal of nutritional balancing science. It must begin with each person understanding the need for very high-quality relationships, and then acting at all levels of society to push for a more family-friendly society. The kind of reforms needed in society include: 1. Legislative action and tax reform to encourage marriage. This means that married couples should have tax advantages, which is not true today. Often it is the opposite. Also laws must clearly define marriage as the relationship between one many and one woman. All other arrangements of living and sexuality must not be given equal recognition or equal treatment under the law. This means no gay marriage, no homosexual or gay rights laws, and no gay-friendly legislation at all. This sounds harsh, but gay rights laws are the worst thing for the traditional family today. It also means that polygamy must be banned altogether. It does not matter if all members of a polygamous community like the arrangement. It does not work well and it is usually a cult. For more on this topic, read Cults and Terror Societies on this site. Tax credits should be given for having children, but only if a couple is married and filing jointly. Society should not be giving tax credits to single parent households of the same magnitude, as it encourages promiscuity and single-parent households. I know this is a difficult area, but it is important to strengthen and protect traditional marriage. 2. Legislative action and tax reform to strengthen families. Here are examples of laws and tax arrangements that favor the family unit in society: Smaller government favors families. This is because power in society is always shared between individuals and their families, and the government. The more power and scope of the government, the less power and scope the family will have. Laws that should be abolished to assist the family are all laws that allow schools to give out condoms and birth control pills without parental consent, and all laws that allow minor children to obtain abortions and even driver’s licenses without parental consent. Some states claim they can vaccinate children without parental consent, and some allow medical treatment without parental consent. All these laws destroy the integrity and strength of the family unit and ought to be repealed. I realize that repealing these laws will permit some abuse by uncaring or unthinking parents. However, this is better than an across-the-board rule that damages the family, which is still the best hope for children in the entire world. Government welfare agencies do not do a good job, overall, and I would not expect them to do so. They are too distant and too â€Å"professional† to care deeply enough about the children. Similarly, judges and juries should not have the right to remove minor children from the home unless the abuse is obvious and severe. Low taxes strongly favor the family unit and family integrity. Much higher taxes for everyone today is forcing two parents to work outside of the home and to send children to government or private daycare centers and pre-schools. This is horrendous for families. While in some nations, the poor and even middle classes do not pay income taxes, they pay for taxes that are hidden in every product and service that they buy. This is the case especially in America and Europe where corporate taxes are high. These are hidden taxes on all products that can account for up to half the cost of the product such as a car, food, clothing, building materials and other necessities. This is why corporate tax rates should be zero. Tax income, tax consumption, or tax imports and exports, but do not tax in hidden ways such as corporate taxes that no one can see and that are regressive, meaning they harm the poor much more than they harm the wealthy because the poor must spend a lot more of their income on necessities, while the rich can easily afford the taxes on goods and services such as electricity, etc. Laws that permit, encourage and even pay one parent to stay at home with children and teach them favor the family strongly. Parents should be discouraged from both working outside the home, and young children should be at home. If a parent does not want to raise a child at home, he or she should not become a parent. It is that simple. Home schooling favors the family unit. In the same vein, home schooling must be encouraged, not attacked, as it is in many nations, including the United States of America. Home schooling is the ideal, and should not be considered a deviant or religious or unusual concept. It is far better, according to statistics, than any school situation. Home schooling parents should not have to pay school taxes, for example, and perhaps should be compensated so that a parent can stay home and teach rather than have to take a job outside the home and send the child to public or private schools. No death taxes favor the family. Death taxes are also called estate taxes. They do not allow some families to pass on their wealth to their children,  or anyone else. Instead, the government takes a large portion of their money, even though they have already paid taxes on that income. Families should be permitted to pass on their wealth, as it is theirs and they often worked hard for it. The government has no right to it, having already taxed it once or perhaps twice. Tort reform strongly favors families and employment. It is important that if one is truly injured, that one can sue for damages. However, the situation in America, in particular, but also in Europe in which attorneys are able to sue basically innocent people for all sorts of frivolous reasons places great strain and a huge financial burden on everyone. It raises the price of all goods and services, frightens away many businesses and keeps good products off the market. It also supports a class of parasitic attorneys who make good money often by ruining other people’s lives. There are simple answers for this problem, but the trial lawyers lobby, and their political allies the Democratic party has so far prevented them from being implemented, especially in the United States. The solutions include: 1. Simplify legal proceedings so that people do not need attorneys to represent them and can handle simple cases themselves. This is certainly possible, but judges and attorneys don’t like the idea. It is similar to learning how to take care of your health, which the doctor’s don’t like. Court proceedings, rules of evidence, rules of discovery, motions, and so on can be made simpler. 2. The loser in a suit should pay all court and attorney fees. This is the system in Great Britain and some other nations. It can stop some frivolous lawsuits, especially in the health care area, but also in product safety. 3. Attorneys must not be allowed to disqualify jurors at their whim. The only reason to disqualify a juror should be a direct conflict of interest, perhaps. The current system today allows sharp attorneys to get rid of potential jurors whom they sense they cannot manipulate or influence. This  should not be the way the jury system works and it makes a mockery of the jury system. 4. It may be necessary to place a cap on damages. This is more complex, especially in a class action lawsuit but sometimes juries are talked into awarding far too much money for damages because attorneys take a percentage for themselves. A capitalist economic system, with controls to prevent corporate raiding and cheating, tends to favor families, while socialism is usually even more corrupt and it destroys families. It does this because the government gains so much power that the family becomes secondary to government, which becomes the nanny, the provider, the police force and everything else. This must be taught and the reasons for it thoroughly understood in society. The basic reason is that a large, powerful government always competes for power with the family, so it is inherently inimical to the family. In contrast, a weak government allows the family unit to have more power over itself and over society. It is not an accident that the weakest families occur in communist and socialist nations, while the strongest are found in the capitalist nations. Private and not socialized, nationalized or â€Å"universal† health care helps the family unit. Caring for one’s health and that of the children are extremely important issues that are best handled within families. This is because they have to do with diet, lifestyle, thinking patterns and other personal habits that are learned and practiced in families. In general, when people are forced into a governmental system, the family loses a lot of power and control over this important area of life. If the government system were perfect, it would not be so bad. However, all governmental systems are more costly, the dietary recommendations are often poor, bureaucrats are distant and don’t care as much for people as private doctoring arrangements, and waste and corruption are worse. Also, just turning over control of this vital area of life is a bad idea. Even the HMO or PPO system in the USA, which is based on private insurance but herds people into groups with little choice in health care, is not good for family integrity and strength. This is just one reason why Obamacare, for example, in the USA, will not work and must be repealed at once before it further bankrupts the USA, which it is doing and with no good results. It is just socialism, and that is harmful for families, as explained above. Freedom, in general, is wonderful for the family. Repression in society works against families. Freedoms of religion, of speech, of assembly, the right to bear arms and all the freedoms that some nations permit are helpful for the family as they weaken governmental power and encourage responsibility and power to be centered in the family. Denying the people freedom weakens the family in all cases. Traditional religions and, in general, religious freedom tend to favor the family unit. However, too much repression in the religion harms families by several means. Repressing women, for example, leads to anger and hatred of women for men and for the religious leaders. Also, if the family roles are so rigidly defined, some will rebel and avoid families altogether. They also, of course, may just leave the religion, but this is not always possible, as with Islam. As these legal and other changes occur, and only when they occur, we can expect to see great improvements and restoration of our societies. They will be safer, more sane, healthier, with far more emphasis on spiritual values and the dignity of each individual soul. All will be happier and life will be far more worthwhile and enjoyable for women, in particular, for our children, and for everyone. Easy divorce laws have mixed effects upon families. On one hand, they make it easy for a selfish parent to basically abandon their children or â€Å"steal† them from a partner. They may also leave a former partner stranded without financial support at all, or very little. On the other hand, very strict divorce laws that existed in the past kept families together where there was physical or emotional abuse, or just terrible unhappiness. This is not ideal for families, either. Many people say that the traditional family is dead, as evidenced by the high divorce rates in the Western world, in particular. However, they forget that although the divorce rate is high, the remarriage rate is also very high. In other words, many people do not want to be single. They just want to be with the right type of person. If they are not, then they are more likely today than in the past to split up and move on to what is often, though not always, a better marriage the second time around. When children are involved, the situation is more complex. Children need a stable home and they need love – plenty of it. So it is more complicated. Here one must use good judgment and try to avoid selfishness. Selfishness is often the problem and the reason that a couple does not blend and heal one another. Laws favoring easy abortions probably harm families. This is an ongoing debate in the USA, though not much in Europe. ALL abortions terminate a life, and some women suffer psychological damage from abortions, even if they are not fully aware of it. I particularly dislike the Planned Parenthood approach, often, in which young women are just told they can get their abortion right away, no one needs to know about it, and that is all there is to it. However, those who favor abortions rightly point out that women perhaps should have more control over their reproductive abilities, especially in case of rape, incest, and all conditions in which the health and well-being of the mother or even the father is at stake. So I suspect this issue will be debated for many years. I believe anti-abortion laws are there to protect women in many cases, and this is how they should be â€Å"sold† or promoted. They help women avoid psychological damage that comes with abortions, they help prevent infections and other problems of abortions, and they help the family in many cases, which helps women the most. If the family does not want another child, then put it up for adoption. Encouraging monogamous man-woman relationships is by far best for the family. Sadly, this is not what is taught in schools today. Politically correct teachers often stress that homosexuality, communal living, open marriage and other â€Å"alternatives† are just as good as the traditional one man-one woman relationship. I believe this is a lie in most cases, due to the nature and construction of human beings. I believe there exist certain differences between men and women that are often subtle, but very real. Living together, they tend to balance one another, help one another, heal one another, and love one another better than any other type of arrangement. This does not mean that in a few cases a different type of relationship is best, but I am speaking in general terms of what seems to work best for the great majority of people in our world. I strongly believe that if this were not so, we would see around the world plenty of societies in which marriage is not supported or practiced much, and instead we would see much more of other living arrangements such as homosexuality or just staying single and living alone or in one’s family of origin during one’s entire lifespan. But we do not see this very much among the thousands of human societies of every race and religion. This is not an indictment of other ways to live socially, just an observation. For this reason, I want to suggest that laws should protect, proclaim, educate and demand that the young are taught this truth, and nothing else.

Commentary on Macbeth soliloquy Essay Example for Free

Commentary on Macbeth soliloquy Essay

Water Scarcity in Singapore

Water Scarcity in Singapore Student Name: Rosa   Abstract This report mentioned about the water scarcity in Singapore. There are lots of water problems happened over the few past years. I have searched several websites and some scientific essays about the problem which is discribe as a serious water shortage in Singapore. The hypothesis is that they can improve the situation if they continue to follow their policy, and the final findings actually proved my hypothesis. At last, several solutions are compared and judged, such as using water from another city while developing the water system inside their country. Also, other ideas and factors are concerned in this report. Introduction This is a scientific report which is all about water scarcity in Singapore. It is a serious problem that their usable water is really in a shortage level. Every living life there lived on their limited water resources. These problems mentioned different areas in water chemistry, such as analyzing the elements in the water to make sure if the properties of those rivers are suitable for people to live. In China, it is common to see green water in the city, because of the impurities that came from the factories mixed in the water. (XinHua, 2011)Accorfing to the research, there are only 100 cubic metres available for each person in China. However, in rural places of China, this kind of position is even serious, these are all caused by the environment. To talk about water, aquatic ecosystem is a large factor of this area, it means the whole surroundings, including the living things and the environment in a particular place. Chinese governments had made countless laws to protect the water properties, and had encouraged people in those areas start to take actions to collect rain for desalinating. This way can actually improve the water problem but is not enough for people to use during time passed. From my point of view, the best way of dealing with this problem is to keep the strategy that they are using now, because it will be fine to keep the country going on. Methodology My research information is quite reliable, because they referred many websites from government, academic websites, and also from some famous universities. Several websites and essays are compared together in order to find the best information for my main topic. The causes of polluting water, the local situation of water in China and Singapore, the supply and the demand of water that each country faces, all the problems mentioned above are researched carefully. The reliability of each websites are checked, and the usable factors of information are selected, my hypothesis is supported by these information, so they yshould be brilliant ideas in this report. Findings According to the research I had done, water scarcity becomes the largest problem for the whole world. The increasing of population forces the government to solve water scarcity immediately. After mid-1960s, Singapore started to develop its economy, and this causes the large demand of water but citizens can not paid for it. Hence, this leaded to the water scarcity. Chew Men Leong said that Singapore mostly relied on water from Malaysia since 1927. These countries are always friends because of the relationship of water. Years later, Chew Men Leong indicated that their Singapore government should use the lands wisely and hurry up in the area of water reuse system. Then, they spent years of time working on improving the reuse system, meanwhile, they appeal people to save as much as they can. (INSEAD.edu) The biggest problems happened in Singapore are the reuse of water, and the supply problem. The website shows that it often rains in Singapore, but the lands in Singapore are too limited, there are only few lakes that can store water. Another problem is that the population in Singapore is continuing to raise, although the usable water is providing more and more by the government, citizens still do not have enough water to live. I have done same search on China, it is also a country that facing a serious situation with water scarcity, and there are some relations between these two countries. After research we can see that the government had transform water from Johor to cities in Singapore in order to improve the serious problem. Further more,from 2011, the technique of collecing water had helped Singapore increase 2/3 of their lands so that citizens have more lands to live on. Here listed the problems China has: (Graphic 1) Lagging water resource management reforms Lack of an integrated, efficient, and effective institutional system Weak water resource management Underdeveloped water rights system Slow establishment of water markets Overemphasis on engineering projects compared to management approaches Lack of a stable financing mechanism for environmental investment Insufficient attention to role of natural water bodies to support ecosystems (Glenshewchuck, 2010) Discussion Referred to the findings, the hypothesis is supported. What government did to their citizens is not enough for solving this water problem, because the information I collected had obviously shows that as the development passing, the population of people in Singapore had also raised a lot, and they are still worrying about the supply of water in their country. If this policy is used in China, it also can not solve water scarcity, especially when the population are too large, because this is the largest cause of a mass of water demand. As the hypothesis described, the government can do more to their country, such as develop more lakes for storage the rain, they had already set up a great water reusing and water desalinating system, and the weather there provides them enough rain each year, if they could use those rain, the problem must be reduced a lot. Water scarcity had disrupted peoples life in Singapore, and nowadays the problem is getting larger and larger, the governments also mad e laws to protect and remind people that fresh water is not countless. Believe that everyone in the world can see different types of advertisements both on the wall and television, they are all about telling people to save water, bacause as we know, there are only 2.5 percent of water can be used by human. In addition, we can easily find that there are some similarities between Singapore and China, although they are not in the same situation, even they are totaly different in the reasons of water scarcity, they are both need an integrated water system. They are both slow in developing water system. (Glenshewchuck, 2010) Hence, the protection and more strategies should be done by every individual in the whole world, Singapore can also use the strategies which China used, firstly compelete the policy of using water, reduce the price of water for poor peole rationaly, and then keep environment clean enough for people store water for reusing. In order to improve the environment, both of them had appeal people to keep rivers clean, and what they can do is to continue this action. Conclusions and Recommendation All in all, the hypothesis is supported by the evidences I provide before. Obviously, there are also a large amount of researches can be done, because the development is moving faster and faster, the demands are also becoming larger and larger, if they do not change this situation, it could be worse. However, there are only references from the Internet, but I think this is not enough, there should be more references from scientific books, because books are published to the public, they can not be changed by anyone. References The world bank. Dealing with water scarcity in Singapore: Institution, Strategies, and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enforcement (2006), world bank [online.] Available from:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   WRM_Singapore_experience_EN.pdf [Assessed on 5 October 2016] Hua, Xin. Beijing to fight water scarcity (2011), China daily [online.] Available from:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2011-10/08/content_13851695.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [Assessed on 5 October 2016] Liping, Jiang. How to combat water scarcity in China (2011), China.org.cn [online.]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Avalable from: http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2011-03/03/content_22043145_2.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [Assessed on 6 October 2016] Glenshewchuck. Water scarcity- China (2010), world resources sin center [online.]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Available from: http://www.wrsc.org/story/water-scarcity-china-0   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [Assessed on 6 October 2016] Tackling Singapores water shortage, INSEAD[online.] Avaiable from:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://centres.insead.edu/innovation-policy/events/documents/Singapore-WaterShortage.pdf   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [Assessed on 6 October 2016]