European Convention of Human Rights and UK law Essay

European Convention of Human Rights and UK law - Essay Example The various conflicts and revolutions in the world have shaped the concept of human rights as we know it. In the last two hundred and fifty years, we see the clamour for human rights as the clamour of a world and of the various peoples inside it for equality and freedom. The European Convention on Human Rights was crafted with the end in view of promoting and preserving these rights. In the ECHR, the writer has chosen Articles 10, which pertains to Freedom of Expression. It While the right to free speech and assembly is a crystallized principle that has been place almost since the beginning of time, enjoying a cherished position in the bill of rights of virtually all civilized legal systems, the interpretation of what constitutes free and protected speech still has yet to be perfectly refined. This provision has been invoked many times over in the course of history, whether within the European Union or outside, successfully and unsuccessfully; and Courts have had many opportunities to set standards and devise guidelines to determine if the speech in question should be protected or not. It becomes more difficult when the right to free speech competes with another principle, for example, the principle of public order. In "easy" cases, all that should be done is look through jurisprudence until one finds the applicable case with similar facts. In "hard" cases with novel facts, the role of the judge becomes infinitely more difficult. The boundaries are ever-shifting; and internally, the judge will be trying not only to apply the law, but to subject the facts of the case in question to her own subjective inquiry in order to determine intent or mens rea. Statement of the law Article 10 of the ECHR reads: 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. this right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises. 2. The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or the rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. The United Kingdom law that will be examined in light of compatibilities and non-compatibilities are the Human Rights Act 1998, in particular the provision on the right to free expression and the right to privacy and the Public Order Act. The Human Rights Act 1998 received royal assent on November 9, 1998 and came into force on October 2, 2000. The objective of said Act was to harmonize the domestic law of the United Kingdom with the European Convention on Human Rights. To reaffirm the commitment of the UK to human rights and civil

Male Character Essay Example for Free

Male Character Essay Masculine roles have effective power in recent movies. In the chapter, the author who is Kenneth Mackinnon talks about ‘masculinity in movies’ by variety ways. He not only considers about the different kinds of movie genres, individual movies and those male movie stars in general, but also introduces the hard body and soft body contrastively for audience. Moreover, Mackinnon mentions about the disadvantages of masculinity in the films and provides three recent illustrations in 2000 to answer the questions of masculinity clearly. The evidence which author selected is widespread but all come from the main idea of masculinity such as technological advances, the homoeroticism and heterosexuals, the feminism and masculinity and even the culture and history about masculinity in movies. At the beginning of the chapter, Mackinnon introduces the different genres about masculinity in movies by using lots of examples. There are variety of movie types such as action genres, bond movies, westerns, war films, slasher movies, sports movies and something else. One of the most important types is action movie. As Mackinnon said, action movie is †a version of heroism was promoted in these movies that depended on visual evidence of physical strength and might. †(P294) For this reason, the publishers pay much money to superstars in order to get the extraordinary effects in action films. For example, Sylvester Stallone in ‘make rampage’ movie. Similarly, bond movie, as an action series, depicted a new type of masculinity, which found in †Gentleman Chivalry† from 1962 to the present. The kind of movie continues to execute the heroism, which is popular among audience. For instance, the famous identities of 007 are James Bond and his ‘bond girl’. However, there is too much â€Å"technological excess† and special effects in recent years. That’s captured audience’s attention negatively. The author has also stated the westerns, which are â€Å"the supreme genre for the depiction of traditional, laconic, dominating masculinity. † (P297)The protagonists are usually cowboys in Hollywood film. The consequence of those boys usually be alone. Moreover, western movie allows violence, homosociality and â€Å"evasion of domestication†. The author’s opinion of masculinity in sports movies is that they provide a kind of lifestyle, which is a pure physical machismo for audience. In other words, it is â€Å"a highly stylized version of traditional masculinity†(P300) people have chance to watch a â€Å"natural† masculinity in sports movie. (i. e. Field of Dreams). Another genre has been mentioned is comedy. It’s a different side of masculinity. Comedy always shows audience the irony of traditional masculinity, especially in vulnerable side. They focused more on conflicts from fatherhood rather than motherhood. In order to understand the masculinity movie deeply, the author selected a few individual movies such as Born on the Fourth of July, Dead Ringers, The Crying Game and The Full Monty. The protagonist of Born on the Fourth of July is Don Kunz who acts as a â€Å"heroic masculine ideal† in the movie. He thinks winning is the most important thing. â€Å"to win, others must be losers†(p304)make him full of physical strength. He is a typical figure of masculine in movie. Male stars are also an important factor for masculinity movie, because female audience, even some of male audience will follow the movie stars. In the chapter, Mackinnon introduce male stars such as Warren Beatty, Clint Eastwood and Charles Bronson.

Chinua Achebes Arrow of God Essay -- Chinua Achebe Arrow of God

Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God is set in the 1920's, before secularism became dominant. It begins with the image of a mask, when he tells his son not to carve the mask of a god for the white man. The mask is a symbol of change. The whole world is changing, and the people who do not change will not survive. The old priest, Ezeulu, desires change, but he cannot do it. He cannot force himself to leave the old ways behind and adopt the new ways. Thus, he sends one of his sons to learn from the white man. He cannot do it himself. This novel shows the life and death of an Igbo priest in a battle between traditional tribal religion and missionary Christianity. The ways in which this confrontation is played out also repeat. A Christian church is set up in a traditional village. The Christians have two attitudes regarding traditional religion. John Goodcountry's enthusiasm inspires Oduche, the Christian son of Chief Priest Ezeulu, to capture the sacred python. Goodcountry is opposed by Moses Unachukwu, who may be open to both cultures out of pragmatic motives, since he appreciates the religious and economic power of the white man, and he hopes to profit from that power. Ezeulu has mixed feelings. He sends Oduche to the missionaries in order to gain access to their wisdom, but he fears the aggressiveness of the new religion. However, his devotion to his god, Ulu, is unquestionable, as is seen in his participation in the New Yam festival. Ezeulu, the main character of the novel, is sincere when he refuses to obey Winterbottom's summons to Okperi because such behavior does not befit his sacred role. Ezeulu stands up for what he believes is right, as his god reveals it to him, even when there is no profit in it for himself. He even loses much by saying the truth. Thus, he is like a saint. Ezeulu has a negative side too. He wonders if he is merely the tool of Ulu. Does he have any personal power, himself? Could he refuse to authorize the New Yam Harvest Festival? At the other extreme, he has bad dreams about being dishonored together with his god. As the story proceeds, Ezeulu feels more and more alienated from his community. They do not support him, and they do not even admit that he was right when they get bad effects from their headstrong actions. They go against Ezeulu's advice, and things go bad... ...orld of change, the old priest is not flexible enough to adapt, so he is swept aside. The story of the old priest is actually the story of all his people in all the six villages. They forget their religion, and they accept the religion of their conquerors. Ezeulu forgets first, and then the people forget. The people created the god Ulu when they united the six villages to form Umuaro. Ezeulu wrestles with the people on behalf of the god Ulu, since he forgets that Ulu was made to serve the people. They were not made to serve Ulu. The priest fails to understand his relationship to the god and the community. He is supposed to serve the community, but he is trying to force them to serve his god. This is the source of his downfall. When Ezeulu is released from prison, it is raining, and he feels like it is healing and restoring him. But his pride will make him do the wrong thing again. He has suffered, and now he wants revenge, but he will only destroy himself and those he loves. He sees that others suffer because of their own actions, but he does not take responsibility for his own suffering. He just goes insane. Bibliography: Arrow of God, by Chinua Achebe

The Imagery of the Stone Angel :: Stone Angel

The Imagery of the Stone Angel In her novel, The Stone Angel, Margaret Laurence successfully uses the statue of the stone angel to represent the Currie family pride, Hagar's inability to relate and share her emotions, and the blindness and ignorance that results from refusing to consider any other point of view than your own. The Stone angel is symbolic of the Currie family pride because it does not seem to serve it's purpose, which is to honour Hagar's mother who had died giving birth to her. Hagar describes Mrs. Currie to be a "meek woman" and a "feeble ghost", whereas she describes herself to be "stubborn" and "practical". The statue was bought in Italy and brought to the Manawaka cemetery "at a terrible expense . . . in pride to mark her bones and proclaim his [Mr. Currie's] dynasty, as he fancied, forever and a day" (p. 3). Mr. Currie bought the angel "in pride" rather than in grief for someone he considdered his possesion, his "dynasty". The stone angel is also a symbol of Hagar's pride as she inherrited it from her father. It was this pride that kept her from speaking up and fighting for her brother when Mr. Currie sent her away to college to become "more civilized". She knew Matt deserved to go more than her, but she never stuck up for either him or herself. In an attempt at freedom, o r maybe just to spite her father, Hagar married Bram Shipley soon after she came back from school. From day one, Hagar's marriage to Bram was a complete embarrassment to her and her family: "When i'd listen to Bram spinning his cobwebs, then it would turn my stomach most of all, not what he said but that he made himself a laughingstock" (p. 114). Upon hearing about their plans to wed, Hagar's father disowns her. Bram was not a rich man by any means, he drank heavily, always spoke in slang, and caused a scene on a regular basis. Hagar thought she'd be able to change him and coax him out of his wild ways, but when he proved her wrong, she just accepted the fact that she'd have to live with it or lie about it to save face. When applies for a job to get away from Mananawka and her husband, she lies to her boss as to her real relationship with Bram.

Msc Strategic Marketing Assignment

1. Visit www. americanexpress. com to learn more about the different cards that American Express offers. Discuss the target market and positioning strategies for each and suggest other segments that American Express might be able to successfully target (20%/630-770 words) American Express manages a wide variety of products but their cards can be classified in two main card types if cards: personal and business cards. For each card type they offer a wide range of different utilities and privilege and can be sub divided in credit and charge cards.The difference between the credit and the charge cards available in each category is that the credit cards charge the card holder at the end of the month while the charge cards charge the card holder instantly. The American express business model is aimed at a very narrow premium customer base, which frequently make large transactions. As their customer base is narrow they are able to provide a higher customer service than their competitors (p p). The AmEx brand also holds a huge cultural value.Because of the brands positioning and corporate branding being the owner of an AmEx automatically improves this persons role as opinion leader for the personal social group. Personal Cards Card The range of personal AMEX cards is designed for personal use. The holder pays an annual fee depending on their card and in return they get the corresponding American Express services. Generally such services include no preset spending limits and luxury rewards for collecting points.Other cobranded American Express cards such as the British Airways American Express card also offer additional travel related advantages such as travel insurance or priority on waiting lists. (American express. com Target market In comparison to some of its competitors such as Visa and Mastercard, American express does charge for its services. This naturally shifts it away from these competitors and into a segment of its own. The target market of the personal AME X cards are high earning individuals, because they are high earners they are likely to be individuals professionally hold roles of esponsibility. Their personality is extravagant, extroverted and exploring yet sophisticated lifestyle. Small Business Cards Card The small business card range is designed by American Express to help small businesses manage their finances and reduce stress of running a business. The card holder is expected to pay a monthly fee and in return get the American Express services of no preset spending limit, the card can be extended to other business employees, access to airport lounges and a generous membership reward program.Target Market As the card types name suggests American Express targets small businesses segment with this range of cards. But they don’t target the whole of the small business segment. The card is designed for those businesses that regularly need to make payments for business purposes. The co-branded American Express and British A irways card suggests that they are targeting businesses whose employees are frequently traveling and would like to centrally control their company expenses. Missing segments,The existing range of AMEX cards target the high profile person and business that need to make large and regular payments. Though the product range can also be use online it’s mainly intended to be used offline with the physical card. Many of today’s payment transactions are made via the world wide web of which services such as Pay Pal and Citadel EFT. These 3rd party services are sometimes considered to be unreliable and no provide the exclusivity that American Express provides. This can withhold AMEX users from using their AMEX card online.An exclusive online payment service for AMEX users to provide payment services can increase the company’s online presence and stimulate the cards use. 2. How has American Express been able to help consumers shift their attitude toward usage of the card? Is American Express taking a proactive approach to managing its marketing environment? How? (20%/630-770 words) Shift of attitudes Proactive in managing its marketing environments? 3. Based on your knowledge of online buyer behavior – provide a proposal for an effective e-marketing campaign for American Express, using social media: Facebook, twitter, blogs etc.Critically discuss different ways to attract and retain consumers using different social media in the UK market. To answer this you may choose any two appropriate models of consumer behavior. (20%/630-770 words) Currently American Express is present of the World Wide Web’s main social networks. On Facebook AMEX? s global page got 2. 7 Million who â€Å"like† them, they also have separate pages for each country they have commercial activity in which on average tend to have some 7,000 likes each.The AMEX main Twitter account got 600K followers, on LinkedIn approximately 136,000 professionals are following th e company and on YouTube they got 12,000 subscribers. American express also attempts to connect with small businesses and professionals through offering business advice to them through blogs. In comparison American Express? s closest competitors Master Card and Visa both got 4. 5 million likes each on Facebook. On twitter Visa got 38,000 followers and Master Card 16,000. On Linked in MasterCard for 43,000 followers and Visa 48,000 and on YouTube 1000 and 4000 subscribers respectively.Because of the niche market targeted by American express and the enormous reach and noise of the World Wide Web, planning a carefully targeted campaign is of great importance to ensure the campaign is using resources efficiently. In their study Cap Gemini Ernst & Young (2002) found that modern day online consumers, when considering buying, are looking for the human values behind products and services, such as honesty, respect, dignity trust and fairness behind the products they buy.Since American expres s has two card types and thus two target markets its only logical that the online marketing campaign also be divided to target the two markets separately. Since AMEX got two quite specific target markets the use of social networks is recommended. Social networks allow you to target users on a wide variety of demographic, psychographic, lifestyle information and interests supplied voluntarily by its users. American Express brand is virtually universal, and a single geographic market is quite small.Therefor it is suggested that it is better to focus an e-marketing campaign, via social media, on a global or regional scale than national. The online marketing campaign directed towards the private users will focus on creating a worldwide viral marketing campaign on the popular social networks. For a period of 45 days, using a designated app on the AMEX Facebook page, users can enter a lottery to win one of five free Platinum American Express cards and an additional â‚ ¬2000. Users will be able to increase their chances of winning one of these cards in multiple ways.The first way would be though on a daily basis entering the application and participating in a multiple choice quiz, for every correct daily an additional entry is gained. The daily quiz will consist of questions related to the AMEX products and brand, designed to increase the knowledge about the AMEX products and aid the correct positioning of the brand in the mind of the consumer. The estimated marketing costs for the target market of private users is approximately â‚ ¬17,000, and has a potential reach +1,000,000 resulting in a maximum price per impression of â‚ ¬0. 17, much more efficient than the Facebook adds which recommend a charge of â‚ ¬0. 65 per click. Rivero, J. (2012) suggests that credit card marketing to consumers should be done â€Å"where your consumers and their friends are hanging out†. This campaign attempts to do just that: to get potential new users interested in an d reinforce the connection that existing consumers have with American Express through cultural influences. The people who have already like the American Express Facebook page will be the ones kicking of the campaign by being the first ones to enter the draw.Then when they invite their friends to join they are seen as opinion leaders within their social group. Those who are really interested in winning will engage in the daily quiz elaborating their knowledge of the brand and its products and in turn also convert them into 2nd generation opinion leaders for their social network. Facebook users will also be able to increase their chances of winning by inviting their Facebook â€Å"friends† to enter the competition via the AMEX application. For every friend that they have invited and has also entered the competition they will also gain an additional entry.For the business segment of the American Express target market linked in will be used to gain the public’s attention. This campaign will also take the shape of a competition but not a lottery. Entrepreneurs will be invited to submit start up business proposals. After initial screening, through popular vote on from the linked in community the most popular idea will gain a three year backing of American Express experts, full financial support and of course the AMEX cards and benefits to get up the new business idea. This campaign focuses gaining new business customers through having them engage with the brand through LinkedIn.The social role that AmEx would be taking on, of financing the best business idea, should be interpreted by other users and business as an act of social charity and an attempt to help the business world encouraging them to also use American Express for their business as they understand they provide better and premium services to businesses. 4. Critically analyze and evaluate consumer and customer management practices adopted by American Express and how consumers react to individ ualized consumer-organization interaction. (20%/630-770 words) . Discuss potential trends in buyer behavior in the Credit Card market over the next ten years. Identify companies in this sector which are responding well to the trends, and make recommendations how your company can update the way it engages with current and potential customers. (20%/630-770 words) Innovations One of the main innovations currently in the credit card market is the move to pay via smart phones. Systems are being developed to use a person’s smart phone as a mobile wallet without having to take out a physical credit card. 0 percent of people expect that their smartphones will eventually replace cash and credit cards. (Farrell, B. M. , 2013) Mastercard, Visa and Paypal are already experimenting with this alternative payment method though it must be mentioned that people or 35 or younger, are more inclined to use this innovation than the over 35? s. (Farrell, B. M. , 2013). Amex bought the online payme nt system Serve for $300 million in 2009 and launched its e-wallet service in 2011 (Pepitone, J. , 2011) in a reaction to Visa and PayPal launching a similar service first.The service is currently only available in the US (Johnson, A. R. , 2011) Since in many emerging markets they are taking a technology leap, i. e. directly starting with the latest technology, there exists a realistic possibility that they might also skip the credit card phase and move directly into having an e-wallet. American express could well establish their brand in these markets by providing e-wallet services as well as methods to accept e-wallet payments to local businesses. Competition,The standard credit card market is becoming saturated and its becoming increasingly difficult to obtain new customers or to make customers switch credit card issuer. Card issues have to offer increasingly more incentives to attract new customers and retain exisiting customers. American Express has the advantage of having a un ique brand within a select group of customers. But there are no restrictions for MasterCard or Visa to launch a cheap premium or platinum range in order to target and gain market share right in the heart of American Express? core business. Multi-Function cards. First Data Corporation (2011) suggests that in Brazil Banco Bradesco and in France Credit Agricole have been offering a card type that has the ability to access both credit and debit accounts. But neither have been considered a game changer. Multi-function cards are being increasingly interesting as consumers are starting to shift their preference to the debit card instead of the credit card. This is partially related to the currently ongoing financial crisis.With shifting trends and no game changing alternative this will be a future point of focus for credit card issuers to successfully introduce a hybrid card of this type as long as the demand proves sufficient. Co-Branded Cards Some of American Express? s biggest competito rs are teaming up with other large multinationals to offer exclusive co branded credit cards. For example IKEA and VISA have launched the IKEA Visa card allowing consumers to finance their purchases for up to three years among other benefits.American Express already hs a co-branded card with British Airways but with competition becoming increasingly tougher it is likely that card issuers will also try to issue cards via large multinational organizations. Bibliography: Farrell, B. M. , 2013, Not paying by smartphone? You soon will, many bet. The Boston Globe. Retrieved from http://www. bostonglobe. com/business/2013/03/20/payment-industry-executives-eye-mobile-future/XHi4XtUT9zkoloMd0m2biO/story. html First Data Corporation (2011) Four Important Trends Shaping the future of Credit Cards. Retireived from ttp://www. firstdata. com/downloads/thought-leadership/cc-trends-wp. pdf Johnson, A. R. (2011). â€Å"AmEx Looks Beyond Credit Cards†. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from h ttp://online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424052970204552304577112611696189378. html Pepitone, J. , 2011. American Express dives into mobile payment with Serve. Retrieved from http://money. cnn. com/2011/03/28/technology/american_express_serve/index. htm Rivero, J. (2012). 3 Big Trends in Credit Card Marketing. Retrieved from: http://thefinancialbrand. com/22348/three-trends-in-credit-card-marketing/

Critical Enquiry Reflection Sheet Social Work Essay Example

Critical Enquiry Reflection Sheet Social Work Essay Example Critical Enquiry Reflection Sheet Social Work Essay Critical Enquiry Reflection Sheet Social Work Essay The minute of larning that has grabbed my attending in this supervising session is that I need to research and place my pattern model when working bi-culturally with tangata whenua and cross-culturally. During my 6th supervising session my supervisor assessed me utilizing the 2nd direct pattern observation associating to my 2nd learning result to show competence when working with immature people cross-culturally . This appraisal led to treatments around my pattern cross-culturally as I have been closely working with immature people and their households who are of a different civilization from my ain. Besides in my pattern at the curative instruction Centre where I am placed two yearss a hebdomad I am the lone pakeha individual at that place. My supervisor stated in the appraisal that Working in the school scene as the lone female and pakeha individual, has enabled her to place the differences in civilization but besides helped her to work cross-culturally with other staff and clients. Family trial has besides helped her to place countries that need more preparation in . When my supervisor asked me to place how I work bi-culturally with tangata whenua and cross-culturally with clients I was unable to joint easy how I pattern in this scene. My response was that in the alternate instruction scene because I am the lone pakeha individual at that place, I work biculturally and cross-culturally: By esteeming the Maori civilization of the Centre Removing my places when I enter I have had to larn the words in order to take part in the forenoon waiata and karakia I eat my tiffin with the immature work forces and the other coachs each twenty-four hours as sharing nutrient together is portion of the Maori civilization Following on from this I have stated that during place visits with clients and their households I respect the different civilizations ; by taking my places and accepting nutrient and drinks from civilizations where the sharing of nutrient is of import. These responses were really obscure and did non give a clear reply as to how I pattern bi-culturally and cross-culturally. I am cognizant that I have been trained at university to pattern from a bi-cultural and multi-cultural position but I have found it difficult to joint how I do this. As my supervisor has noted I have identified through this supervising session that I need to critically reflect on my pattern cross-culturally and place the countries that I need more preparation in order to go a competent bi-cultural and cross-cultural practician. For the benefit of cross-cultural pattern and working with tangata whenua I as a societal worker demand to recognize that: As a professional assistant, one can experience uneasy when challenged by striking difference is the first measure towards self-reflection. This attitude has a better opportunity of taking to echt adjustment of the client than feigning to be politically right. The creative activity of collegial support constructions and the cultivation of a clime of trust and unfastened sharing within the service puting might promote this attitude, to be affectional in cross-cultural pattern ( Tsang A ; George, 1998, p.87 ) . Looking backward The premises and prejudices that are present in this minute of acquisition is my ain cultural consciousness ; In Tatum ( 2000 ) she discuses the construct of individuality and what it means for the person and how the functions of the dominant over the subsidiary can act upon a individuals position of themselves: This looking glass ego is non a level unidimensional contemplation, but multidimensional. How one s individuality is experienced will be mediated by dimensions of one ego: male or female ; immature or old, affluent or hapless, homosexual, sapphic, bisexual, transgender or heterosexual ; able-bodied or with disablements: Christian, Muslim, Jewish, Buddhist, Hindu, or atheistaˆÂ ¦ ( Tatum, 2000 ) . The function and the devaluation associated with it will differ in relation to the socio-cultural context that the subsidiary person/s and the dominant groups are portion of ( Wolfensberger, 1972, as cited in ( Wills, 2008b ) . Discourses are systemic ways of speaking, discoursing something of significance. They are the effect of a combination of societal, political even economic factors and frequently have voices of authorization . Discourses are frequently informed by beliefs, thoughts and apprehensions that are inexplicit ; taken for grantedaˆÂ ¦even ideologicalaˆÂ ¦Some signifiers of discourse are legitimated and validated but still one can non be confident, and presume that such discourses have become established as a consequence of well-rationalised, carefully researched, developed and strict argument/debate ( Wills, 2008a ) . Looking inward Looking outward Looking frontward I identify to the households that although I am from a different civilization to them I have been university trained to work cross-culturally and I am happy to come in into treatments around what this means for our societal work relation Question building 300 Literature300 In specifying competency one must besides see the significance of civilization. Basically, civilization is understood to associate to some shared elements which connect people in a common manner of sing and seeing the universe. These perceptual experiences of the universe usher daily life, act upon how determinations are made and by whom, and find what is perceived to be appropriate and inappropriate behaviors within any given context ( Connolly, Crichton-Hill A ; Ward, 2005 p.17, as cited in SWRB, 2007, p.5 ) To work with Maori clients the societal worker must aptly understand what Te Ao Maori means, the same goes with working with other cultural and cultural groups. Using Tsang and George s conceptual model of attitude cognition and skills the SWRB created its competency criterions of pattern. To understand what competent pattern for Maori and other cultural and cultural groups means for societal workers in New Zealand I will be critically discoursing in this essay ; what the ANZASW s criterions of pattern are that inform competency and what it means for societal work pattern in New Zealand, I will place and depict the constitutional elements of Te Ao Maori the Maori universe position, critically examine Tsang and Georges conceptual model and use their model to an facet of Te Ao Maori in a pattern scene. Members of the ANZASW are accountable to the association and expected to stay by their policies and processs, competent societal work pattern being one of them, the following 10 criterions for societal work pattern in Aotearoa New Zealand were set and ratified by the National Executive of NZASW ( now ANZASW ) in June 1990: The societal worker establishes an appropriate and purposeful working relationship with clients taking into history single differences and the cultural and societal context of the client s state of affairs. The societal worker Acts of the Apostless to procure the client s engagement in the whole procedure of the working relationship with them. The societal worker s pattern assists clients to derive control over her/his ain fortunes. The societal worker has knowledge about societal work methods, societal policy, societal services, resources and chances. In working with clients, the societal worker is cognizant of and uses her/his ain personal properties suitably. The societal worker merely works where systems of answerability are in topographic point in regard of his/her bureau, clients and the societal work profession. The societal worker invariably works to do the administration and systems, which are portion of the societal work attempt, antiphonal to the demands of those who use them. The societal worker acts to guarantee the client s entree to the Code of Ethics and objects of the New Zealand Association of Social Workers. The societal worker uses rank of the New Zealand Association of Social Workers to act upon and reenforce competent societal pattern. The societal worker uses rank of the New Zealand Association of Social Workers to act upon and reenforce competent pattern ( NZASW, 1993 ) . To exemplify how these criterions for pattern work in professional societal work pattern I will choose one criterion and demo how two facets of the standard apply. For standard four: the societal worker has knowledge about societal work methods, societal policy and societal services, this criterion can be shown in pattern with how Child, Youth and Family services work within a bicultural model and the Treaty of Waitangi: Child, Youth and Family acknowledges its responsibilities and duties to the tangata whenua as a Crown spouse to New Zealand s initiation papers, the Treaty of Waitangi. We are committed to guaranting that services we deliver and purchase are to the full antiphonal to the demands and aspirations of Maori, and that our actions are consistent with the Principles for Crown Action on the Treaty of Waitangi. Our committedness is reflected in a cardinal consequence country improved results for Maori, the confederations and partnerships we have built and go on to further with iwi and Maori societal services groups and communities, our human resource policies, and in our work programme ( particularly the development and execution of a scheme for bettering results for Maori kids, immature people and their households ) ( CYF, 2008 ) . In relation to the societal policy portion of this criterion the CYF s societal workers are cognizant of the statute laws of Aotearoa New Zealand and how other facets of the jurisprudence: Child, Youth and Family s statutory function is defined by the undermentioned statute law: The Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act 1989 The Adoption Act 1955 The Adult Adoption Information Act 1985 The Adoption ( Inter-country ) Act 1997 ( CYF, 2008 ) . Child, Youth and Family services are an first-class illustration of how an bureau has set guidelines and policies around the criterions set out by the SWRB and ANZASW to implement competent pattern by their societal workers. In the following portion of this essay I will place and depict the constitutional elements of Te Ao Maori the Maori universe position. To understand the Maori universe position we must analyze what are the Maori behavior and behavior in societal relationships or korero tawhito are ; so what the Maori societal constructions of whanau, hapu, iwi mean and what the three categories of Maori society are, and what mana and tapu mean for Maori people who are the tangata whenua of Aotearoa. Korero tawhito are they ways in which Maori behave and behavior themselves in societal relationships: Korero tawhito reflected the idea constructs, doctrines, ideals, norms and underlying values of Maori societyaˆÂ ¦ The values represent ideals, which were non needfully accomplishable but something to draw a bead on to ( Ministry of Justice, 2001, p.1 ) . These underlying values of Maori society are the ways in which Maori people socially interact with each other. The following measure in understanding what the Maori universe position is, is to understand Maori societal constructions: The Maori societal construction was based on decent, senior status and the affinity groupings. Maori recognised four family groups: Whanau the basic unit of Maori society into which an person was born and socialised. Hapu the basic political init within Maori society, concerned with ordinary societal and economic personal businesss and doing basic daily determinations. Iwi the largest independent, politico-economic unit in Maori society. An iwi would be identified by its territorial boundaries, which were of great societal, cultural and economic importance ( Ministry of Justice, 2001, p.2 ) . The kin group a individual belongs to impact their universe position because it influences their topographic point within society. The cardinal constructs of mana and tapu are those which govern the model of Maori society: Mana was inherited at birth, and the more senior the descent of a individual, the greater the mana. Tapu constantly accompanied mana. The more esteemed the event, individual or object, the more it was surrounded by the protection of tapu. The complex impressions of mana and tapu reflect the ideals and values of societal control and duty. The analysis of mana enterprises to place the function of mana in relation to duty, leading and birthright. The scrutiny of tapu illustrated how tapu operated and affected the mundane lives of Maori ( Ministry of Justice, 2001, p.6 ) . In analyzing the elements of Te Ao Maori I have examine the different constructs of Maori behavior and behavior korero tawhito, the Maori societal constructions of family and category and what mana and tapu mean. Theory 300 Standard FOR CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE THEORY/MODEL OF SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE Identifies and is based upon beliefs and values of Pacific Islands civilization. Explains jobs and concerns in a mode that is relevant to Pacific Islands apprehension. Uses Pacific Islands assisting traditions and patterns. Incorporates a Pacific Islands understanding to alter the procedure. Can distinguish facets of the behavior which are associated with Pacific Islands cultural forms from those attendant in dominant palagi cultural readings. Avoids cultural pathological stereotyping. Encompass macro and micro degrees of accounts and intercessions. Incorporates the experiences of the community and persons in New Zealand Society. Can steer the choice of appropriate cognition and pattern accomplishments from other civilizations. ( Adapted from Meemeduma, P. ( 1994 ) . Cross cultural societal work: New theoretical accounts for new pattern, Advances in societal work public assistance instruction, Montash University. ) Ethical motives 300 Skills 300 The Social Work Registration Board of Aotearoa New Zealand released in 2007 a policy statement in respect to the competency of registered societal workers to rehearse societal work with Maori and different cultural and cultural groups in New Zealand. The release of this papers was to put the degrees of competence that are needed for societal workers to work efficaciously in a positive manner to authorise those who are disadvantaged by society.A As Mason Durie remarks, cultural competency about the geting of accomplishments to accomplish a better apprehension of members of other civilizations ( SWRB, 2007, p.5 ) . To be competent when working with other civilizations one must understand the differences and similarities between other civilizations and cognize what is culturally appropriate and inappropriate ; the societal worker needs to esteem the client s civilization and usage resorts available to them to efficaciously work with the client to accomplish the best possible result Bicultural codification of Ethical motives In the following portion of this essay I will critically analyze Tsang and George s ( 1998 ) Integrated Conceptual Framework for Cross-cultural Practice of attitude, cognition and accomplishments. I will make this by depicting the three elements and analyzing these elements by measuring their significance and importance in societal work pattern with mana whenua. To understand what the significance and importance of Tsang and George s conceptual model in relation to mana whenua we must foremost analyze what mana whenua are: Mana whenua ( noun ) : territorial rights, power from the land power associated with ownership and business of tribal land. The folk s history and fables are based in the lands they have occupied over coevalss and the land provides the nutriment for the people and to supply cordial reception for invitees ( Maori Dictionary, 2008 ) . Now we know what mana whenua means the following apart is to depict the three elements of the model: Attitude Commitment to justness and equity Valuing difference Other-directed: Openness to cultural difference Self directed: Critical self-reflection Knowledge Specific cultural content Systemic context of civilization Socialization and internalized civilization Dynamicss of cross-cultural communicating and apprehension Skills Management of ain emotional response Professional intercession within institutional contexts Communication, battle, and relationship accomplishments Specific alteration schemes ( Tsang and George, 1998, p.84 ) . The construct of attitude relates to the societal worker s ain behavior and their usage of ego as a tool when working with clients, the construct of cognition relates to the cognition theories behind cross-cultural pattern and cognition learnt from a practicians ain experiences. The construct of accomplishments relates to the practical facet of working with clients. To utilize the component of attitude when working with mana whenua, one needs to be cognizant of their ain restrictions, deficiency of cognition and apprehension of other civilizations: This consciousness has both autonomous and other-directed deductions. The other-directed look of this consciousness is an openness to cultural difference and a preparedness to larn organize a client. Such openness is based on recognition and positive respect for the cultural differences that exist between the client and the practician, regard for client civilizations, and preparedness to suit alternate universe positions or ways of life. The autonomous look of this consciousness is a preparedness to prosecute in self-reflection, including the scrutiny of possible cultural prejudices, premises, values, and one s emotional experience and comfort degree when challenged with difference ( Tsang and George, 1998, p.84 ) . For a societal worker to be cognizant of their ain restrictions and deficiency of cognition is the first measure in set uping a working relationship with mana whenua, their ain ability to admit the differences and similarities between their ain civilization and their client s civilization is a immense constituent of their attitude when working with their clients. Supervision is needed in this context for the societal worker to be able to discourse with others their ain contemplations and feelings associated when working cross-culturally, for personal and professional growing. Knowledge is the following component in which the cross-cultural pattern model discusses the four elements of cognition: We can place four countries of cross-cultural cognition. First is the cognition of specific cultural content as captured by the cultural literacy theoretical account. In understanding with Dyche and Zayas ( 1995 ) , it is likely non realistic to anticipate cros0cultural practicians to be knowing in a big figure of cultural systems. It may be more practical for practicians to concentrate on the other three sorts of cognition: the systemic context of civilization, socialization and internalized civilization, and the kineticss of cross-cultural communicating and apprehension. Consistent with an ecological position adopted by many societal workers, cross-cultural clinical pattern is understood within the broader systemic context of current structural inequalities, racial political relations, histories of colonisation, bondage, and other signifiers of racial subjugation ( Tsang and George, 1998, p.85 ) . For a worker to work efficaciously cross-culturally they must understand and hold cognition of other civilizations, historically, ethnically, their value and belief systems, their imposts and daily life. To hold a comprehensive apprehension of a client s entire life and life experience a practician must hold an grasp of the effects of their socio-political systems. In this context in New Zealand it would be effectual for societal workers working with mana whenua to hold cognition of the Treaty of Waitangi and what it means for Maori people and the political facets that go with it. The concluding component of Skills in Tsang and George s theoretical account related to the specific skills a societal worker demands when working biculturally with the mana whenua and cross-culturally: Social work accomplishments are specific classs of action taken by practician to accomplish positive alterations needed by their clients aˆÂ ¦ Appropriate attitude and cognition in cross-cultural pattern, hence, must be translated into specific professional behavior which addresses practician, client, institutional and contextual worlds. A assortment of accomplishments have been recommended by writers in cross-cultural pattern, covering professional behavior within institutional contexts ; communicating accomplishments, specific questioning accomplishments such as ethnographic interview, relationship-building accomplishments, and alteration schemes ( Tsang and George, 1998, p.85-86 ) . Practice accomplishments can non be effectual without the societal worker holding a sound apprehension of cognition and the appropriate attitude when working with mana whenua. Skills are the practical constituent on Tsang and George s theoretical account, and when working with mana whenua the practician must utilize the appropriate accomplishments from their cognition base for their work to be effectual. Their interactions with their clients are an of import portion of their function as a societal worker. Mana whenua need societal workers with the specializer cross-cultural accomplishments. In this portion of the essay I have examined Tsang and George s theoretical account of attitude, cognition and accomplishments by depicting the three elements and analyzing the elements by measuring their significance and importance in societal work pattern with mana whenua and other civilizations. Evidence 300

Three Top Financial Scandals in the Recent Past

Three Top Financial Scandals in the Recent Past Summary Financial scandals have been common in corporations for a considerable length of time. In this particular paper, fraudulent financial activities that have affected three companies have been discussed. The rigging of financial markets and large well established corporations is not a new phenomenon. However, the trend seems to be getting out of control in the modern economy.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Three Top Financial Scandals in the Recent Past specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are growing allegations that systematic robbing of financial institutions has been taking place in the past 3 decades or so. One of the worst impacts of financial fraud in these institutions is that the global interest ad exchange rates have always been forcibly fixed by a few fraudulent individuals. In other words, the market forces of demand and supply are hardly left to play their roles in the contemporary liberaliz ed economies. This paper offers a succinct discussion of three top financial scandals that have been witnessed in the recent past. Introduction When banks in London are engaged in the process of borrowing from each other, there is a specific charge that is levied on the service. This average interest rate is referred to as Libor. The Thomson Reuters usually play the role of calculating this value (Snyder, 2012). There are several instances when Libor matters a lot especially when it comes to the net value of a product or when borrowing loans from banks and other financial institutions. For instances, it is highly likely that Libor affects credit card usage and property loans in several ways. Even the US economy is significantly affected by Libor. Other scandals discussed in this paper include the Enron and WorldCom scandals. The London Interbank Offered Rate (Libor) To begin with, it is perhaps necessary to explore the culprits behind the Libor scandal. The fixing scandal for intere st rates is believed to have involved close to twenty major banks both in Europe and the United States. It has also been found out that banks spread across three continents were embroiled in the scandal. The scandal remarkably jeopardized the career of Bob Diamond who was serving as the chief executive officer at that time. Pressure mounted each day for the CEO to surrender his office while other several top professionals in the banking sector across the world were being compelled to quit their offices so that investigations could be started (Snyder, 2012).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to assist the trading position of the bank immediately before the onset of global financial meltdown in 2007, submissions that were never true were made to the committee charged with the role of setting interest rates for Libor. This was a critical way of manipulatin g interest rates so that the overall financial performance of the bank could improve. Besides, this move boosted the profitability of the Barclays Bank (Snyder, 2012). This was a serious fraud bearing in mind that Libor is a leading interest rates benchmark across the global financial markets. The integrity of the interest rates was adversely affected by the Barclays’ behavior since it generally posed a gross financial threat to other market players. Enron Scandal The Enron scandal has also been noted as one of the most popular financial frauds that took place in the last decade. At the onset of the new century, Enron was a company to reckon with in several ways due to its performance and market stability (Foster, 2010). It recorded a tremendous success that several other companies could hardly attain. Nonetheless, a harbinger of elaborate challenges was recognized by investors when earnings restatement was announced by Enron in mid 2001. Within a period of merely one and a h alf months, Enron was declared bankrupt and unable to run its financial obligations in spite of the fact that it was powerful market performer and oozed with adequate wealth. The fraudulent financial activities that took place at Enron could be grouped into two categories. First, basic fabrication of numbers took place in the financial records of the company (Salter, 2008). For instance, when its venture with Blockbuster did not succeed, it was poorly valuated. Second, complex financial maneuvers were also witnessed prior to the fall of the company. Nonetheless, the American economic system is largely believed to have significantly contributed to the decline of Enron (Foster, 2010). The people’s trust in the performance of the entire economy was also weakened after the scandal. The executives of the company were described as greedy individuals who could not maintain their integrity as outlined in the code of ethics (Fox, 2003). WorldCom scandal Both the accounting fraud and e rosion of profits affected the performance and market stability of WorldCom company. Illusionary earnings amounting to billons were created in the eyes of investors whereas the company was headed to serious state of bankruptcy.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Three Top Financial Scandals in the Recent Past specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the major impacts of this fraud was felt in the telecommunications sector. Millions of users were negatively affected by the declined performance of WorldCom Company (Romero, 2002). According to the financial records of this company, the net value of assets owned by the firm was estimated at $107 billion. Before this filing could be released to shareholders, the company reported that expenses amounting to about $3.8 billion had been improperly accounted for in the records. Telephone companies, suppliers, and banks were adversely affected by the fraudulent activities at the firm after the scandal was exposed. Before its bankruptcy, the total debts accumulated by the company stood at $41 billion. This marked the beginning of its downfall (Romero, 2002). Conclusion In recap, it can be seen that the financial scandals discussed caused major economic hitch in all the three companies. However, the common attributing factor was poor management of the firms’ resources. References Foster (2010). The decades worst financial scandals. Web. Fox, L. (2003). Enron: The Rise and Fall. New York: John Wiley Sons. Romero, S. (2002). WorldCom’s collapse: the overview; WorldCom files for bankruptcy; largest U.S. case. Web.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Salter, M. (2008). Innovation Corrupted: The Origins and Legacy of Enrons Collapse. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Snyder, M. (2012). The Biggest Financial scandal in History? Web.